基本介紹
- 中文名：虛擬語態
- 外文名：Subjunctive Mood
- 類別：一種特殊的動詞形式
- 套用：一種假設、願望、懷疑或推測
用法,句式,
用法
虛擬條件的虛擬語氣
① 虛擬現在時表示與現在事實相反的假設，其if 從句的謂語形式用動詞的過去式(be 一般用were)，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +動詞原形，例如：If I were in your position I would marry her.
② 虛擬過去時是表示與過去事實相反的假設，if 從句的謂語形式用過去完成時即had+過去分詞，主句用would / should / could / might + have +過去分詞，例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.
③ 大多數的虛擬條件句屬於上面三種情況的一種，但並不排除存在條件和後果中，一個和現情況相反，另一個和過去情況相反，例如：If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not be so painful now.這個句子在高中出現頻率頗高。
④ 但是，如果後果用了虛擬語氣，而條件卻用陳述語氣，這種用法是錯的。
（⒉） 除了表示虛假條件外，if從句還可以表示對將來的推測，由於是將來還沒有發生的，所以談不上是真實的還是虛假的，只能說這個事情發生的可能性有多大。一般情況下，可以用陳述語氣的if從句來表示對一個未來事實的推測，這個事實是完全可能發生的。If從句的謂語形式用一般過去式或用were to / should +動詞原形，主句用would / should /could/ might +動詞原形，例如：Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.（1996年1月四級第44題）
（⒌ ）有時虛擬條件不是明確地表達出來，而在蘊含在用but引導的從句里，於是便出現了有謂語動詞是虛擬語氣的主句加上謂語動詞是陳述語氣的but從句構成的並列複合句，例如I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.在這樣的句子裡，如果主句沒有用虛擬語氣，或者從句用了虛擬語氣，都是錯的。
賓語從句中虛擬語氣
（⒈） 在表示願望的動詞wish後的賓語從句中，需用虛擬語氣。（wish後的that 常省略），根據主句時態，從句謂語時態相應退後一位，例如：How she wished his family could go with him.
（⒉） 在具有願望、請求、建議、命令等主觀意願的動詞(desire, demand, advise, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide …) 後的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用(should) +動詞原形。值得注意的是，如果賓語從句的動詞是否定的，否定詞not的位置應在動詞之前，而不是動詞之後。例如：The head nurse insisted that the patient not be moved.另外，如suggest表達“暗示”，insist表示“堅持某種說法”時，後面的從句不用虛擬語氣，例如：Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did not kill the boy.
除此之外，上述動詞也要求用虛擬式：
③ 在對上述動詞相應的名詞進行解釋的同位語從句中，如：The workers raised the demand that their pay be increased to cope with the inflation.
⒊ would （had）rather , would sooner也用來表達主觀願望，它們之後的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式表示現在或將來，用過去完成式表示與過去事實相反，例如：I would rather he went right now.
其他形式的虛擬語氣
（⒈） it is +necessary等形容詞後，that主語從句中虛擬形式使用，這類形容詞包括necessary, important, essential, imperative, urgent, preferable, vital, advisable等，例如It is necessary that you listen to the teacher carefully.或者It is essential that you be able to pronounce every single word correctly.
（⒊） 虛擬語氣在as if / as though 引導的方式狀語從句中的套用（謂語動詞形式與wish後的賓語從句基本相同）表示與現在事實相反或對現在情況有懷疑，謂語動詞用過去式。例如：He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 表示過去想像中的動作或情況，謂語動詞用過去完成式。
（⒋） 在lest 引導的狀語從句中，謂語動詞多用虛擬語氣，(should )+ 動詞原形。例如： The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.（1998年1月四級第38題）
（⒌） 在if only 引起的感嘆句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式或過去完成式。例如： Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I had followed your advice.
句式
固定句式
1.I wish.....(一定用虛擬)
1）I wish i were you
2)I wish that she were here with me
2、as if...../as though 好像 (不一定用虛擬，要看說話的語境``)
1）He speaks as if he were an American.(如果他真的是美國人就不用虛擬了`)
2）He looks as if nothing had happened.
3、if I did/were....I would......
1)If I were you,I wouldn't do that
2)If it were to snow tomorrow,they would not go out
.(用were to 和were的區別是were to 是對將來的虛擬，
用were是對現在的虛擬`詳見二、虛擬語態的幾種形式```)
4、在suggest that ,advise that,require that等固定搭配後要用虛擬語態！
虛擬語態的形式
1、對現在的虛擬：（直接用動詞的過去時....）
if I did /were.... I would.......
2、對將來的虛擬：if ..were to..I would....= if ..did...I would....
(此項與對現在的虛擬相同，但對現在的虛擬不用were to.
要區別對將來的虛擬和對現在的虛擬``一般句子裡面都有時間標誌``)
(If it were to rain tomorrow,we would not go out.
=If it rained tomorow,we would not go out.)
3、對過去的虛擬 If I had done....I would have done....
(If I had known the answer, I would have told you.)
(至於If ..had been done...would have done
前面的been只是因為是被動語態```所以要看句子的具體意思````)
固定句型的補充。
要用虛擬語態的句子:
I would rather I could......(I would rather she could not come here)
if only..(但願....)
A:I will go to Korea next month.B:If only I could go with you
虛擬語態表示動作或狀態不是客觀存在的事實，而是說話人的主觀願望，假設，推測，命令，建議，要求等。
基本結構
（1）. 與現在事實相反的假設：一般過去時（be用were)，主句結構{ should(would)等+動詞原型}
例如：If they were here ,they would help you.如果他們在這，會幫助你的。
例如：If he had come yesterday,Ishould(would)have told him about it.如果他昨天來的話，我會把這件事告訴他的。
例如：If you succeeded ,everything would be all right.如果你將來成功了一切都會好的。
