賓格(英語中的一種語法)

賓格(英語中的一種語法)

本詞條是多義詞,共2個義項
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賓格(accusative case;objective case;casus accusativus)表示一個動詞直接賓語的名詞或一個前置詞的賓語。人稱代詞里的:主格放在句首做主語和表語,賓格放在句末或句中做動詞和介詞的賓語.打個比方,主人邀請賓客,主格就像主人,賓格就像賓客。主格在動詞前面,賓格在動詞或介詞後面。英語中的人稱代詞(Personal Pronouns)有主格和賓格之分,如:I, me, my ; he, him, his ; they, them,their等。顧名思義,主格(The nominative case)用作主語,賓格(The objective case)用作賓語,所有格(The possessive case)則表示所有之物。在實際運用中,主格和賓格代詞有時會混淆。

基本介紹

  • 中文名:賓格
  • 外文名:sb.
賓格是人稱代詞,人稱代詞有主格賓格之分,主格有I,he, she,it, you, we,they,賓格有me, him, her, it, you, us, them。主格要放在主語位置,賓格要放在賓語位置。主語位置都知道,一般在句首,如I am a teacher.在英語中,賓語有兩個位置,一個在動詞後跟賓語,注意不是所有的動詞都需要跟賓語。另一個在介詞後跟賓語,如: 1,I give him a book. 這裡的give 是動詞,him 是give 的賓語(賓語的作用是使謂語所表達的意思完整和清楚),因為him的位置是賓語,所以,如果在這個位置上用的是人稱代詞,就得用賓格,而不能用主格的he.
2,She speaks to me. 這裡的to 是介詞,它後面的me在英語語法中稱賓語,因此也要用賓格。
在實際運用中,主格和賓格代詞有時會混淆。下面是常見的問題:
1.在複合結構里,人稱代詞的主格和賓格在單獨使用時,沒有問題,如很少人會犯下這樣的錯誤:
*(1)Wilcox spoke to I.
*(2)Her knew what had happened.
但在複合結構中,錯誤就難免了,如:
*(3)Wilcox spoke to my friend and I.
*(4)He and her knew what had happened.
*(5)This is between you and he.
這種錯誤是可避免的。第一,在有介詞的複合結構中,特別要注意,第二個人稱代詞,必須用賓語,如:"for you and me"和 "between Maria and him"。第二,試把複合結構中的另一部分暫時用括弧圍起來,那么該用的格就容易辨別了,如:
(6)This message is for (My father and) I or me.
(7)(Marry and) he or him went downtown together.
顯然的,(6)里的代詞是賓格的"me", (7)里的代詞是主格的"he"。
2.在比較結構里,連線詞"as"或"than"後面,按理用主格式,但在口語中,人們常用賓格形式,學美式英語者,更是如此:
(8)a. You did as well as she.
b. You did as well as her.
(9)a. I am older than he.
b. I am older than him.
(a)和(b)兩種說法,都可接受。但如果"as"和"than"後頭分句的主語和詞動都要完整出現的話,這時的人稱代詞,就必須是主格,如下:
(10)You did as well as she did.
(11)I am older than he is .
此外,還有一點要注意,就是"as"和"than"後面雖然在語法上用主格好,用賓格也可,但是有時意思會有所不同。試比較(a)和(b):
(12)a. Jason praised Maria more highly than I.
b. Jason praised Maria more highly than me.
(13)a. Jason praised Maria more highly than I did (= I praised Maria).
b. Jason praised Maria more highly than he praised me.
(12)a和b都被接受,但(12)a等於(13)a,而(12)b等於(13)B:
顯然,這兩句的深層意思大有差別。遇到這種情形,為了避免誤解,不妨根據要表達的意思用完整的句式表達出來。換句話說,必要的話,要用(13)這句子。
不然,把(13)a變成(14), (13)b變成(15)也可:
(14)I did not praise Maria as highly as Jason did.
(15)Jason did not praise me as highly as he praised Maria.

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