月球隕石

月球隕石

月球隕石是遭受小行星撞擊從月球飛濺出來並隕落到地球上的岩石,是研究月球物質成分和演化歷史的重要對象。除了少量具有結晶結構的岩石類型以外,大部分月球隕石為碎屑岩,這些碎屑岩主要有三類:高地斜長質角礫岩、月海玄武質角礫岩和高地斜長質-月海玄武質混合角礫岩。

第一個月球隕石ALHA 81005發現於1982年,月球隕石為研究月球物質成分和演化歷史提供了重要的樣品補充,在全面了解月球岩石種類、月球表面稀有氣體成分、鬆散月壤如何成為固結的岩石、月球表面受衝擊歷史等方面也具有重要意義。

基本介紹

  • 中文名:月球隕石
  • 外文名:Lunar Meteorite
  • 來源:受撞擊從月球落到地球的岩石
  • 首顆月球隕石:ALHA 81005
  • 發現者:美國隕石考察隊(ANSMET)
  • 發現地點:南極Alan Hill山區
來源,發現歷史數量,岩石類型,現有目錄,

來源

當大的小行星體或慧星撞擊月球表面時,其表面物質的噴射可以達到逃逸月球的速度(2.4km/s)從而進入宇宙空間,其中一部分為地球所捕獲並降落到地球上,這表明月球隕石與月球表面的衝擊成坑事件密切相關,特別是大的小行星體低角度撞擊更有利於噴射物質的逃逸。由於月球經過岩漿分異作用,所以月球隕石屬無球粒隕石

發現歷史數量

月球隕石的發現開始於20世紀80年代。在Apollo和Luna計畫採樣返回10年之後,於1982年才確認第一塊月球隕石ALHA 81005。這塊隕石是美國隕石考察隊(ANSMET)在南極Alan Hill山區發現的,該隕石樣品被送往美國休斯頓空間中心進行處理和保管,由於該中心負責月球樣品處理和保管,研究人員熟悉月球樣品,他們在處理該樣品時發現其結構特徵與月球樣品非常相似,而促使他們考慮到ALHA 81005隕石可能來自月球。其實,在此樣品之前,日本南極考察隊在Yamato發現了一塊月球隕石Y791197,由於當時缺乏經驗,這塊隕石被誤認為是鈣長輝長無球粒隕石(Eucrite)。據確認時間順序,Y791197、Y82192和Y82193分別是第二、三、四塊月球隕石。此外,Y793169和EET87521隕石曾被誤認為是鈣長輝長無球粒隕石,後來被確認為月球隕石。
月球隕石稀少,發現過程非常緩慢。到1993年,才發現12塊月球隕石,而且主要來自南極,南極之外僅在澳大利亞發現一塊Calcalong Creek。到2000年,月球隕石數量達到了31塊,同樣,絕大部分來自於南極。由於Calcalong Creek隕石曾在市場上標價4萬美元/g,這激發了民間隕石愛好者對月球隕石的極大興趣,到1997年,在南極以外發現了第二塊月球隕石。2000年之後,民間在非洲沙漠地區尋找月球隕石取得了巨大成功,月球隕石數量和質量也隨著飆升。至2013年,已公布發現月球隕石165個,總重量65.2kg,如考慮成對隕石,這些隕石代表了81次隕石降落,其中10個月海玄武岩、50個斜長岩、21個玄武質斜長質混合角礫岩。在數量上,32(塊(成對19塊)月球隕石發現於南極,其他148塊發現於南極之外的沙漠地區。在數量上,沙漠月球隕石占月球隕石的絕大部分。

岩石類型

由於缺乏大氣層的保護,月球在歷史上經歷了強烈的撞擊作用,因此,月球上布滿了大大小小的撞擊坑,同時,在月球表面形成了一層數米至20多米厚度不等的月壤。與此相似,月球隕石除少量具有完整結晶結構玄武岩外,其餘大部分月球隕石均為碎屑岩。根據岩石結構和礦物組合,月球隕石可分為玄武岩、斜長岩和玄武岩-斜長岩質混合角礫岩等三類,這與月球岩石的月海玄武岩、高地斜長岩和過渡地區的混合角礫岩相對應。另外,根據岩石學和化學成分特徵,月球隕石主要有三種端元類型物質組成,即角礫岩化斜長岩、玄武岩和角礫岩化玄武岩、蘇長岩成分的衝擊熔融玻璃即月球岩石中的克里普岩。

現有目錄

已發現的月球隕石目錄
玄武岩
玄武岩(總質量7640.3 g)
No.
Name
Year Found
Rock Type
Mass (G)
Found
B1
Yamato 793169
1991
Unbrecciated Basalt
6.1
Antarctica
B2
Asuka 881757
1989
Gabbro
442
Antarctica
B3
Northwest Africa
032, 479
1999
Unbrecciated Basalt
~300, 156
Africa
B4
Northeast Africa
003
2000
Unbrecciated Basalt
124
Africa
B5
Northwest Africa 773, 2700, 2727, 2977, 3160, 3170, 6950, 3333, 7007, NWAAnoual
2000, 2004, 2005
Gabbro
60, 6, 33, 1649, 5.9, 633, 31.7, 191.2, 233, 34
Africa
B6
Dhofar 287
2001
Unbrecciated Basalt
154
Asia
B7
LaPaz Icefield
02205, 02224, 02226, 02436, 03632, 04841
2002-2004
Unbrecciated Basalt
1226.3, 252, 244.1, 59.0, 93, 56
Antarctica
B8
Miller Range 5035
2006
Unbrecciated Basalt
142
Antarctica
B9
Northwest Africa 4898
2007
Unbrecciated Basalt
137
Africa
B10
Northwest Africa 4734
2007
Unbrecciated Basalt
1372
Africa
斜長岩
斜長岩(總質量)
No.
Name
Year Found
Rock Type
Mass (G)
Found
F1
Yamato 791197
1979
Anorthositic Regolith Breccia
52.4
Antarctica
F2
Aspen Hills 81005
1982
Anorthositic Regolith Breccia
31.39
Antarctica
F3
Yamato 82192, 82193, 86032
1982, 1986
Anorthositic Fragmental Breccia
37, 27, 648
Antarctica
F4
MacAlpine Hills 88104, 88105
1989
Anorthositic Regolith Breccia
61, 663
Antarctica
F5
Queen Alexandra 93069, 94269
1993
Anorthositic Regolith Breccia
21.4, 3.1
Antarctica
F6
Dar al Gani 262, 996, 1042, 1048
1997, 1999, 2001
Anorthositic Regolith Breccia
513, 12.31, 801, 1
Africa
F7
Dar al Gani 400, 1058
1998
Anorthositic Regolith Breccia
1815, 1425
Africa
F8
Dhofar 081, 280, 910, 1224
2001, 2003
Anorthositic Fragmental Breccia
174, 251.2, 142, 4.57
Asia
F9
Dhofar 025, 301, 304, 308
2000
Anorthositic Regolith Breccia
751, 9, 10, 2
Asia
F10
Dhofar 026, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468
2000, 2001
Anorthositic Granulitic Breccia
148, 99.5, 36.7, 31.5, 73.1, 33.7, 44.7, 24.3, 22.3, 70.7, 69.2, 36.2, 18.9
Asia
F11
Northwest Africa 482
2001
Anorthositic Impact Melt Breccia
1015
Africa
F12
Dhofar 302
2001
Anorthositic impact-melt breccia
3.83
Asia
F13
Dhofar 303, 305, 306, 307, 309, 310, 311, 489, 730, 731, 908, 909, 911, 950, 1085
2003
Anorthositic Impact Melt Breccia
4.15, 34.11, 12.86, 50, 81.3, 10.8, 4, 34.4, 108, 36, 245(9), 3.9, 194(9), 21.7, 197(4)
Asia
F14
Dhofar 490, 1084
2003
Anorthositic Fragmental Breccia
34.05, 90
Asia
F15
Dhofar 733
2002
Anorthositic Granulitic Breccia
98
Asia
F16
Northeast Africa 1
2002
Anorthositic Regolith Breccia
262
Africa
F17
Pecora Escarpment 2007
2003
Anorthositic Regolith Breccia
22.4
Antarctica
F18
Northwest Africa 2200
2004
Anorthositic Impact Melt Breccia
552
Africa
F19
Northwest Africa 3163, 4483, 4881, 6275
2005, 2010
Anorthositic granulitic breccia
208, 606, 1.0, 1634
Africa
F20
Dhofar 1428
2006
Anorthositic Granulitic Breccia
213
Asia
F21
Dhofar 1443, 1436
2001, 2004
Anorthositic breccia
36.7, 24.2
Asia
F22
Northwest Africa 2998, 7262
2012, 2006
Anorthositic breccia
413, 163
Africa
F23
Graves Nunataks 6157
2007
Anorthositic Breccia
0.8
Antarctica
F24
Larkman Nunataks 6638
2007
Anorthositic Breccia
5.29
Antarctica
F25
Northwest Africa 5000
2007
Anorthositic Regolith Breccia
11528
Africa
F26
Northwest Africa 4936, 5406, 6221, 6355, 6470, 6570, 6687, 7190
2008, 2010, 2011, 2007
Anorthositic Regolith Breccia
109.4, 760, 96, 415, 42.4, 5.3, 172, 281
Africa
F27
Sayh al Uhaymir 449
2008
Anorthositic Impact Melt Breccia
16.5
Asia
F28
Sayh al Uhaymir 300
2004
Polymict Impact Melt Breccia
152.6
Asia
F29
Northwest Africa 4932
2007
Anorthositic Impact Melt Breccia
93
Africa
F30
Miller Range 7006
2007
Anorthositic Regolith Breccia
1.368
Antarctica
F31
Shisr 160
2008
Anorthositic regolith breccia
101
Asia
F32
Shisr 161
2008
Anorthositic fragmental breccia
57
Asia
F33
Northwest Africa 5744
2009
Anorthositic granulitic breccia
170
Africa
F34
Jiddat al Harasis 348
2008
Anorthositic Regolith Breccia
18.7
Asia
F35
Shisr 162
2006
Anorthositic impact melt breccia
5530
Asia
F36
Shisr 166
2008
Anorthositic impact melt breccia
128.8
Asia
F37
Dhofar 1527
2009
Anorthositic impact melt breccia
42.6
Asia
F38
Dhofar 1528
2009
Anorthositic breccia
213
Asia
F39
Miller Range 090034, 090036, 090070, 090075
2009
Anorthositic regolith breccia
195.6, 245, 137.5, 143.5
Antarctica
F40
Dhofar 1627
2010
Anorthositic impact melt breccia
86.1
Asia
F41
Northwest Africa 6481
2010
Anorthositic impact melt breccia
13.7
Africa
F42
Northwest Africa 6578
2010
Anorthositic granulitic breccia
1638
Africa
F43
Dhofar 1673
2011
Anorthositic breccia
15.1
Asia
F44
Northwest Africa 6721
2011
Anorthositic fragmental breccia
181
Africa
F45
Northwest Africa 6888
2011
Anorthositic regolith breccia
208
Western Sahara
F46
Northwest Africa 7022
2011
Anorthositic fragmental breccia
444
Northwest Africa
F47
Dhofar 1669
2010
Anorthositic breccia
3.3
Asia
F48
Northwest Africa 7274
2012
Anorthositic breccia
373
Northwest Africa
F49
Northwest Africa 7493
2012
Breccia
503
Africa
玄武岩-斜長岩質混合角礫岩
玄武岩-斜長岩質混合角礫岩(19241.96 g)
No.
Name
Year Found
Rock Type
Mass (G)
Found
M1
Yamato 793274, 981031
1980
Anorthosite-bearing Basaltic Regolith Breccia
8.7, 186
Antarctica
M2
Elephant Moraine 87521, 96008
1988
Basaltic or Gabbroic Fragmental Breccia
31, 53
Antarctica
M3
Calcalong Creek
1990
Basaltic-bearing Anorthositic Regolith Breccia
19
Australia
M4
Queen Alexandra 94281
1994
Anorthosite-bearing Basaltic Regolith Breccia
23.4
Antarctica
M5
Kalahari 008, 009
1999
Anorthositic Regolith / Basaltic Fragmental Breccias
598, 13500
Africa
M6
Yamato 983885
1999
Basalt-bearing Anorthositic Regolith Breccia
290
Antarctica
M7
Meteorite Hills 1210
2001
Anorthosite-bearing Basaltic Fragmental Breccia
22.8
Antarctica
M8
Sayh al Uhaymir 169
2002
Basalt-bearing Anorthositic Regolith Breccia
206.45
Asia
M9
Dhofar 925, 960, 961
2003
Basalt-bearing Anorthositic Impact Melt Breccia
49, 35.4, 21.6
Asia
M10
Northwest Africa 3136
2004
Anorthosite-bearing Basaltic Regolith Breccia
95.1
Africa
M11
Dhofar 1180
2005
Basalt-bearing Anorthositic Fragmental Breccia
121
Asia
M12
Northwest Africa 2995, 2996, 3190, 4503, 5151, 5152, 6252, 6554, 6555
2005-2010, 2005
Basalt-bearing Anorthositic Fragmental Breccia
113, 138, 29.7, 538, 984, 41, 70, 289, 38
Africa
M13
Northwest Africa 4472, 4485
2006
Anorthosite-bearing Basaltic Breccia
64.3, 188
Africa
M14
Northwest Africa 4884
2007
Anorthosite-bearing Basaltic Regolith Breccia
42
Africa
M15
Northwest Africa 4819
2007
Anorthositic regolith breccia
234
Africa
M16
Dhofar 1442
2005
Anorthositic regolith breccia
106.5
Asia
M17
Northwest Africa 5207
2007
Anorthositic fragmental breccia
101
Africa
M18
Northwest Africa 5153
2007
Anorthositic fragmental breccia
50
Africa
M19
Lynch 2
2010
Breccia
36.5
Western Australia
M20
Dhofar 1629
2007
Breccia
2.51
Asia
M21
Northwest Africa 7611
2012
Basalt-bearing feldspathic fragmental breccia
916
Africa

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