魯凱語

魯凱語是魯凱族人使用的語言。屬南島語系印度尼西亞語族排灣語群。分布在中國台灣省高雄市、屏東縣、台東縣等地。

基本介紹

• 中文名：魯凱語
• 性質：魯凱族人使用的語言
• 屬於：南島語系印度尼西亞語族排灣語群
• 分布：中國台灣省高雄市、屏東縣

簡介

分為霧台、大武、大南、茂林、多納、萬山6個方言。

語言特點

塞音分清濁，多音節詞重音落在最後一個音節上。名詞、代詞有格的語法範疇。動詞有體、態、式的語法範疇。語序屬謂主式。詞根附加成分和詞根的重疊是構詞與構形的主要手段。

語法

詞綴

a- 'when'

a- (action/state nominalization)

a- 'plural'

-a 'beyond (in time or space)'

-a 'irrealis'

-a 'imperative'

-ae (state nominalization)

a- ... -ae; allomorph: ... -ae (objective nominalization; negative imperative)

amo- 'will'

-ane (meaning unknown; used on verbs to insult someone)

-a-nga 'imperative' (mild requests)

apaa- 'reciprocal causative' (dynamic verbs)

apano- 'like to, prone to, have a tendency to'

apa'a 'reciprocal causative' (stative verbs)

apa'ohi- 'split (causative form)'

-ci 'snivel'

dh- 'invisible'

i- 'at'

-i 'irrealis'

-i- ... -e (marking of the oblique case on personal and impersonal pronouns)

-ka 'predicative negation'

ka- 'in fact, indeed, actually'

ka- ... -ae 'genuine, real, original'

kala- ... -ae 'temporal nominalization'

kapa ~ kama- 'continuously'

kapa ... -nga 'all, every'

ki- 'modal negation'

ki- ... -ae 'whose'

k<in>-a- ... -ae 'more and more'

la- 'plural'

la-ma'a- 'reciprocal'

-lo 'plural' (demonstrative pronouns)

m- (dynamic (finite and subjunctive) verbs; alternates with k-, p-, or Ø in its non-finite form)

ma- (stative (finite and subjunctive) verbs; alternates with ka- in its non-finite form)

ma- ... -le (forms 'tens')

ma-Ca- 'reciprocity' (dynamic (finite and subjunctive) verbs; alternates with pa-Ca; Ca refers to the reduplication of the first consonant)

maa- 'reciprocity' (dynamic (finite and subjunctive) verbs; alternates with paa)

maa- ... -e (~ paa- ... -e; maa- (dual reciprocal) + -e (meaning unknown))

maaraka- 'each/both'

maatali- ... -le/-lo '(a number of) floors'

maka- 'finish'

maka- ... -le/-lo (~ paka- ... -le/-lo) 'up to N-/for N- days/months/years'

maka'an- (attaches only to aleve 'below' and lrahalre 'above')

makini- ... -(a)e (~ pakini- ... -(a)e) 'all'

mali- (~ pali) 'along'

ma'ohi (~ pa'ohi) 'split'

m-o- (~ o-) 'holds X's ritual (where X = household name)' (attaches to household names to form dynamic verbs)

m-o- (~ o-) 'toward'

mo- 'anti-causative'

m-ore (~ ore-) 'perform'

mota'a- (~ ota'a-) 'raise'

n- 'visible'

-na 'still'

naa- 'continuously'

-nae 'place where'

-nae 'time when'

-nga 'already'

-nga 'superlative'

ni- 'counterfactuality (irrealis)'

ni- ... -a 'concessive'

o- 'dynamic / finite / realis / active'

o- ... -e 'dress well' (derives verbs from nouns)

o-ara- 'only' (attached to verbs)

o-ka'a- ... -le/-lo (~ ko'a- ... -le/-lo) 'a number of )recipients'

om- (~ m- / ~ Ø) 'dynamic / finite / realis / active'

o-tali (~ tali- / ~ toli) 'wrap up, pack up'

o-tali (~ tali-) 'made of'

o-tara- (~ tara-) 'a number of months / years'

taro- (doublet form: tao-) 'group of persons in movement'

o-ta'i- (~ ta'i-) 'precede'

o-'ara- (~ 'ara-) 'early'

pa- 'causative'

pa- 'every N-times'

paori 'stick to, think about'

pa'a- ... -ae '(what is) left'

pe- 'forbiddance (?)'

pi- 'local causative'

po- 'causative of movement'

po- 'bear, grow N' (attaches to nouns)

saka- 'external'

samori- 'keep on ... -ing' (attaches only to the root kane 'to eat')

sa'api- 'prone to, inclined to'

so- 'tribute'

ta- (subjective nominalization)

ta- 'inalienability' (kinship and color terms)

ta- ... -(a)e 'place where'

ta- ... -ae 'time when'

ta- ... -n-ae (forms derived locative nominal)

taka- 'a number of persons'

tako- 'while'

tala- 'container' (?; found only with the root ove'eke)

tali- 'belong to'

ta'a- 'with (a group of persons)'

ta'a- ... -le/-lo 'measure with an extended arm' (bound numerals)

to- 'do, make, produce, build'

toka- ... -(a)e 'use ... for, by ... -ing'

to'a- 'use ... to, for'

'a- 'instrument/manner nominalizer'

'a- ... -e 'have a lot of'

'aa- 'turn into'

'aka- 'Nth' (ordinal prefix 'a- + stative marker ka- (non-finite form))

'ako- (doublet form: 'ako- ... -ae) 'speak (out)'

'ako- 'barely, a little'

'ako- ... -le 'say a number of times'

'ako- ... -nga 'more'

'ali- 'from (in time or space)' (< 'aliki '(come) from')

'ano- 'walk, ride, take'

'ano- 'unknown meaning' (only attaches to stative roots)

'ano-Ca- 'along/with a number of persons (in movement)' (attaches to bound numeral forms and certain other roots)

'ano- ... -ae 'entirely, completely, cease, alleviate'

'ao- ... -le/-lo 'the Nth time' (ordinal prefix 'a- + 'o- ... -le/-lo 'a number of times')

'apaka- ... -le/-lo 'the Nth day' (ordinal prefix 'a- + paka- ... -le/-lo 'up to/for a number of days / months / years)

'api- 'like ... -ing'

'a-po- 'as a result of'

'apo- 'come out'

'asa- ... -ae 'what's the use of'

'asi- (meaning unknown; found only once in the word 'work')

'i- 'passive'

'i- 'verbalizer' (from nouns; polysemous prefix). Semantic core of 'i-N is 'get, obtain-N', although it can also be glossed as 'get, harvest, gather, look after, bear, have for, kill, etc.'

'i- 'put on, wear' (derives verbs from nouns)

'ia- ... ae 'because of, out of'

'ini- 'movement toward'

'ini- 'cross'

'ini- 'consume'

'ini-Ca- '(one)self' (reflexive)

'ini- ... -ae 'pretend'

'ini- ... (-ae) 'behave like, look like' (derived from 'inilrao 'resemble')

'ira- 'for' (derived from 'iraki '(do) for')

'o- 'take off'

'o- ... -le/-lo 'a number of times' (attaches to bound numerals)

'o- ... -le/-lo 'measure' (must be followed by certain words to indicate a measure with the hand, foot, ruler, etc.)

'o-tali 'unpack'

句法

不像大多數其它台灣南島語言，魯凱語為主賓格語言、而不是典型的焦點系統之作格語言形式 (Zeitoun 2007)。魯凱語也是台灣南島語裡唯一“沒有焦點系統”的語言。於語言的演進上、如果沒有焦點(focus)則往往會往“主賓格語言(AS-O)”的方向發展，不過有時“對格語言”也會含有“部份作格性(A-SO)”的現象或則反之亦然。總結在萬山魯凱語有兩種句型：

名詞化

動詞化

補語化採用4種策略(Zeitoun 2007)：

零策略(zero strategy，比如：並列補語)

動詞連續化(verb serialization)

名物化(nominalization)

使役動詞化(causativization)

限定受詞在主動及被動句子裡均可作主題。