英語作文

英語作文

英語作文,是指用英語針對某一內容寫出一篇文章,是英語考試最常見的一種題目類型,英語作文要求閱讀、寫作能力比較高,也是考生最容易失分的題型。

基本介紹

  • 中文名:英語作文
  • 外文名:English Composition
  • 詞性:名詞
  • 拼音:ying yu zuo wen
書寫格式,基本要求,書信格式,書信句型,常用起首語,語法要點,寫作技巧,標題的正確寫法,寫作能力,考試注意,審題立意,草擬提綱,段落主題,參照提綱,注意事項,作文關鍵,由易到難,表達多樣,語感基礎,大量閱讀,中式英語,

書寫格式

基本要求

英文書寫應符合書寫規範,英文字母要寫清楚、寫整齊、寫美觀,字母的大小和字母之間的距離要勻稱。書寫應做到字形秀麗漂亮,通篇勻稱和諧。
寫英文字母要掌握正確筆順。如小寫字母i ,應該先寫下面的部分,然後再打點。有的學生卻按寫漢字的習慣從上到下寫,寫快了,就會把點和下面的豎筆連在一起,顯得十分彆扭。字形t應為兩筆。不少人卻將兩筆合成一筆,看上去不像t,倒像l或是e,難以辨認。另外,把r寫成v,把q寫成把g,把k寫成h等等,都是中學生書寫中常見的毛病。
不少人在四線三格的練習紙上書寫尚有規矩,能按字母的占格、高低和大小要求書寫,但在白紙或橫線紙上書寫,卻顯得十分幼稚拙劣。字母或跳上跳下,或一律寫成同一高度,占上中兩格的字母與占中下兩格的字母完全沒有高低之別。這些現象都要防止。
另外,書寫時還要注意詞與詞之間要保持一定的距離,不能緊靠在一起。字母之間的連寫也應該按照習慣,不能隨意亂來。
在一篇字數有限的作文里,我們還要注意儘量不把一個單詞拆開移行。萬一要移行,則必須以音節為單位進行,如revolution這個詞,依照音節移行的原則可以按re-,revo-, revolu-這幾種方法移行。在移行時,我們還應特別注意以下幾點:
1. 單音節詞不能移行,即使是字母較多的單音節詞,如through等也不能例外。
2.縮略詞如Mr.、Dr.等不能和後面的名字拆開移行。 縮略的專用名詞如U.K.(the UnitedKingdom)、U.S.A(United States of America)等也不能拆開移行。
3.時間、量度及貨幣單位應視為一個整體;不能分開移行。
如: 11:00 P.M. 應寫在一行內,不能將11:00和PM.分開移行;寫38℃時,不能將38和℃分開移行。
4.由“年、月、日”表示的日期。如果必須分開移行只能將“月、日”與“年”分開。如January 6,1980不能將January和6分開移行,但可以把January 6,和1980分成兩行。
5.含雙寫輔音字母的單詞,在移行時要將輔音字母拆開。如better可拆成bet-ter,necessary可拆成 neces-sary。
但如果雙寫輔音字母屬於詞根,後面又加了後綴,就不能將兩個輔音字母拆開。如drill加上-ing後構成了drilling,就不可以將它拆成dril-ling,而只能拆為drilling。
書信題型寫作是套用文寫作中常見的功能性寫作形式,書信寫作的準備一是巨觀,就是要掌握它的格式,基本框架,就是先寫什麼,後寫什麼;二是微觀,具體到語言如何使用。

書信格式

一、書信寫作考察的結構
①日期,寫信人應將寫信日期(年,月,日)放在書信正文的右上角,如Jan. 30th, 2010。
提醒:考研書信寫作沒有要求考生必須寫時間,如果沒有把握自己的時間書寫格式是正確的,建議考生不要寫,以免出錯反而扣分。
②稱呼,稱呼是寫信人對收信人的稱謂,稱呼可以根據收信人的性別,職務,婚姻狀況,姓名等個人信息來寫,如:Mr. Williams,Mrs. Bush, Professor Li, Dr. Smith, Dear Mum and Dad
如果寫信人不清楚收信人的具體姓名,職務等情況,可以寫:Dear Sir or Madam, To whom it may concern。
③正文,正文是書信的主要部分,在稱呼下方隔一或兩行處開始。考生寫正文時,要分層次進行。書信正文通常由引言,展開段和結尾三個層次組成。
·引言,引言表明寫信人的寫信目的和寫信背景,一般僅限於一段,一兩句話即可。
提醒:此處考生容易犯一個錯誤:照抄題目的表達,甚至原句,這是一個嚴重的錯誤,在閱卷過程至少會扣到2分,希望廣大考生要注意。
·展開段,展開段內容應詳實,具體。可以分為若干段來寫,每一段圍繞一個主題展開。
提醒:提醒廣大考生,題乾中的要點必須全部包含,考生若是在漏掉一個要點(一般小作文有3個要點)會至少扣掉3分。
·結尾,結尾部分通常比引言部分短,使用一兩句話表達一下希望或祝願。
④結束語,結束語是寫信人對收信人的謙稱,寫在正文下面二至三行處。公務等較正式的信件多採用Yours sincerely,Sincerely yours, Yours faithfully, Yours truly 等;私人信件,多採用Yours, Withlove, Yours affectionately 等。
⑤簽名,簽名應寫在結束語的下面。
二、主體段語言的操作
書信按照指令邊想邊寫。主體第一段一句話,開門見山,提出寫信的目的,表明信的性質:是投訴信還是申請信還是請求信?我為什麼要寫這封信?常用句式包括:
I am writing to complain about…
I am writing to thank… for… /express mygratitude for …
I am writing to ask for…
I am writing to apply for…
正文第二段,100個字左右,8、9句話。
此段寫作的中心任務是把題目中的提綱進行擴展。如果有3條提綱,可以每一條提綱擴充3句。怎么樣擴充,主要是發揮點小小的想像力,有兩種思路,一是將上義拆分成為若干下義,二是把一件事情說得更為形象具體。比如第一條指令,題目裡面說是books,可以細化為各種各樣的書,這就是下義拆分法。還可以具體描寫一下這些書是什麼樣子的。同樣第二個指令裡面的methods ofpayment,和第三個指令裡面的time and way of delivery都可以採用這兩種方法進行擴展。
結尾,一般為禮貌性的套話,一般都是焦急等待著您的回信I am lookingforward to your reply足以,或者I would appreciate it if you could senda replay at your earliest convenience也行。

書信句型

常用起首語

1) Looking forward to your early reply to
英語作文
2) Hoping to hear from you soon
3) I hope to hear from you very soon。
4) We look forward to your reply at yourearliest convenience。
5) Your early reply will be highlyappreciated。
6) I hope everything will be well withyou。
7) Please let us know if you want moreinformation。
8) I wish you very success in the comingyear。
9) Please remember me to your family。
10) With best regards to your family。
11) All the best。
12) With love and good wishes。
求職申請信常用句型
1. In reply to your advertisement in ~,Irespectfully offer my services for the situation。
2. With reference to your advertisementin ~ for a / an ~,I offer myself for the post。
3. Please consider me an applicant forthe position which you advertised in ~。
4. Having noticed the enclosedadvertisement in ~,I wish to apply for the position referred to。
5. In answer to your advertisement in ~for a ~,I wish to tender my services。
6. Your advertisement for a ~ in ~ hasinterested me. I feel I can fill that position。
7. Shall you need an experienced ~ foryour ~ next SUMMER?
8. I have been for over five years inthe employment of a / an ~ company
9. I have been in the business for thelast ~ years, and worked as the director of the…department。
10. I've had ~ years' experience with acompany as a ~。
11. For the last ~ years, I have beenand still am a / an ~。
12. I'm ~ years of age, female / male,and have had ~ years' experience in a limited company's ~ office
13. I should be very glad to have apersonal interview and can furnish references if desired。
14. If you desire an interview, I shallbe most happy to call in person, on any day and at any time you may appoint。
15. Should you think favorably of myapplication, kindly grant me an interview。
16. I trust that you'll give thisapplication your favorable consideration。
17. Should you give me a trial, I’ll domy utmost to afford you every satisfaction。
申訴信常用句型
1. I am sorry to say that we are greatlyinconvenienced by the fact that ~。
2. I am writing this letter to complainabout ~。
3. I really must complain about thequality of the ~ I recently got from your company。
4. You seem to have supplied us with aproduct that falls far below the standard we expect。
5. The ~ I ordered from your storearrived broken. Obviously, no packing had been placed in the box before it wassent from the warehouse。
6. It is now over ~ since we made theabove order with you, but the ~ we need badly now haven't arrived yet。
7. The product I purchased from you ~proved to be quite a disappointment. Although it looks exactly the same as theone I saw in your commercial, it actually does not perform the same way。
8. As I have no interest in receiving areplacement, I am returning the product to you and demand that a full refund bemade to me。
9. I'd appreciate it very much if yourefund the money I have paid for it。
10. We would appreciate it if you wouldarrange for the replacement of the damaged items。
感謝信常用句式參考:
1. Let me tell you how much I liked /appreciated / enjoyed…
2. I want you to know how much we / Iappreciate…
3. We appreciate your taking time to …
4. I don’t know how I would have managedwithout your help
5. I hope I can return the favor someday
6. Do let me know if I can ever returnthe favor

語法要點

基英語學習的長期目標——交流所必需的能力之一。毋庸置疑,英語寫作是集基礎知識,基本能力和課外信息於一身的綜合體現,同時,又要兼顧到寫作者高超的寫作技巧。因而,沒有紮實的英語語法知識;
1)、taff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o'clock and we were ex
本段從“rose”(起床)寫起,然後是吃早餐(“not to miss breakfast”, “closing at nine o'clock”),然後是“close to noon”,一直寫到這一天結束(“By nine——”)。
B. 按位置遠近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如:
From the distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的寫法是由遠及近,從遠處(“from a distance”)寫起,然後“get closer”,再到(“ten feet away”),最後是“inside the pagoda”……當然,按位置遠近來寫不等於都是由遠及近。根據需要,也可以由近及遠,由表及里等等。
C. 按邏輯關係排列(logical arrangement)
a. 按重要性順序排列(arrangement in order of importance)
If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.
這一段談的是表達能力,它的重要性與職業,身份有關,從“not need much skill”或“of little importance”到“more important”,最後是“most important”。
b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)
If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that "sanguine" and "sanguinary" mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.
這一段談的是a writer's carelessness,先給出一個general statement作為主題句,然後通過5個 "perhaps"加以例證。
c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)
I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主題句是段首句,它僅提出一個問題:為什麼兩隻貓會被搞混。然後對兩者進行比較,末句才下結論。
2)形連
行文的邏輯性常常要靠適當的轉換詞語及其他手段來實現。請讀下面這一段文字並找出文中用以承上啟下的詞語:
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, during his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graduate on schedule. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上啟下的詞語有兩種,一種是轉換詞語(transitional words or phrases),另一種是起轉換作用的其他連線手段(linking devices)。前者依次有:first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.後者依次是:he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有辭彙105個,所使用的轉換詞語及其他連線用語共26個詞,約占該段總辭彙量的四分之一。由此可見,掌握好transitions不僅對行文的流(smoothness)有益,而且對於學生在半個小時內寫120個詞也是不無好處的。
一個段落里如果沒有transitions也就很難有coherence了.我們看下面一個例子:
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 en211ago. Written language is arecent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
本段中除了第6句開頭出現一個起過渡作用的"it"之外,沒有使用其他的過渡詞語.這樣,文中出現許多重複的詞語,全段讀起來也顯得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的過渡詞語來修飾的話,這一段就成了下面一個流暢連貫的段落:
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
有損連貫
考生在寫作中經常出現下面幾種錯誤:
改變時態
In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway.
變單複數
Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.
改變人稱
Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.
因此寫作中,一定要注意時態,人稱以及數的變化是否正確,要注意保持一致。

寫作技巧

英語考試作文試題的一個最大的特點就是時限性,即在有限的時間內(一般分配30分鐘)按試題要求完成作文試題。有很多參試者最後交卷時作文題要么沒有完成要么質量比較差,這其中當然有很多原因,但不可忽視的一點原因便是寫作文時間不夠來不及完成作文或來不及仔細思考寫一篇合乎題目要求的文章。
英語作文試題一般要求字數在120字左右,段落一般為三段,因而有“三段論”一說。所謂“三段論”即全文分為三個自然段,一般結構為“首段擺事實(現象)、提觀點(論點或問題),在這一部分參試者最好將題目要求中的第一個要點(一般為提出問題或觀點)作為首段的內容之一;第二段剖析現象、分析論點,這也是全文的主體部分。在這一部分參試者需要將試題要求中的所有要點的內容都加以闡述和擴展,同時注意不要信馬由韁的寫一些與文章主題無關的內容以免被當作離題處理;第三段為結論段,這一段的主要任務是為全文做一個結論性的終結,讓文章顯得完整和連貫。至於開頭和結尾有一定的固定的套路可循。

標題的正確寫法

每篇作文都有一個標題,英語叫title,標題寫在作文的第一行中間,和正文要間隔一行.
如果用打字機或者印表機打出,那么每個字母都要大寫,例如,A FRIDEN OF MINE.如果是手寫,那么一些重要的詞的第一個字母要大寫。因為介詞,連詞,和冠詞通過被認為是不重要的詞,不必大寫.
不可將標題寫成斜體,不可在標題下加橫線,也不可用引號或者括弧,即使標題是一個完整的句子,也不可以在末尾加上句號,
例如標題,The Sun of Mine Has Risen 不可以寫The Sun Of MineHas Risen.
但如果標題是疑問句,則可以添加問號,例如,How Do You Like the Film?
如果標題是感嘆句.可以用驚嘆號.例如:What an Hero He Was!

寫作能力

一 豐富學生辭彙量,培養學生遣詞造句的能力
辭彙是組成語言最基本的單位,是寫作的必需材料。辭彙量不足或掌握得不好,都會給寫作帶來困難。眾所周知,作文是信息的輸出,一定要以輸入為前提;只有頭腦中儲備有一定數量的辭彙,才有可能寫出好作文。因此,加強辭彙教學、擴大和豐富學生的辭彙量是提高學生寫作能力的基礎工作。
因而,在進行辭彙教學時,教師應通過例句講清楚常用詞的意義、使用條件、用法及搭配關係,然後再讓學生模仿造句。此外,英語有自己的固定短語、固定搭配、特殊句型等,如果學生能在作文中恰到好處地使用它們,那將會大大地提高作文檔次 。因此,平時必須加強這方面的基本訓練,還要督促學生課後多多記憶。
二 適時傳授語法知識,注意由淺入深
其實,在教學實踐中,學生作文中的語法錯誤屢見不鮮,諸如名詞的形式、動詞的時態、代詞的格、形容詞的形式,乃至於語態、主謂搭配等多方面常會出現錯誤。如果學生不了解語法,寫出的文章就會錯誤百出,顯得檔次很低。如果說高級辭彙是珍珠,它們在文章中閃耀著奪目的光芒,那語法就一定是絲帶,把珍珠有序地串聯組合起來,這樣才能使之成為精彩的文章。
由此可見,語法在英語作文中占有重要的地位。所以,在教學過程中,教師應設法將語法由淺及深、由易到難地滲透到課堂教學中去。其步驟第一,針對高一新生,可先介紹簡單句的五個基本句型及存在句句型,即:S+V;S+V+O;S+V+O1+O2;S+V+O+OC;S+link-v+P;There be+S+…幾乎所有的英語句型都是這些句型擴大、延伸或變化而來,如果學生能夠掌握這些句型,並運用自如,就為後面的複合句和非謂語動詞的學習奠定了基礎。不過,同時也要注意動詞時態的引入。第二,加強時態練習,訓練學生正確使用動詞形式。
三 依託教材多形式地訓練
新課標教材的內容、題材和體裁豐富多彩,學生課文中有人物傳記、劇本、科普文章、英美國家概況等,這些不僅開拓了學生視野,也為學生寫作提供了寫作素材和模板,在學習完一個單元後教師可根據不同內容對學生進行相應的訓練,如複述課文、縮寫課文、續寫課文、擴寫課文或改寫課文等,還可模仿課文仿寫。我個人體會改寫和仿寫是寫作訓練的好形式。

考試注意

常見的英語作文類型分為議論文、圖表文、記敘文、套用文等,不同類型文章的寫作要求上相同,考場寫法也有相通點。

審題立意

定文章之靈魂對命題作文必須認真審題,對自由作文必須立好意。文章要有明確的主題,必須具備4個條件:準確、鮮明、深刻、集中。

草擬提綱

打造文章之骨架審好題,立好意後,就要寫提綱,打造文章的骨架。文章布局要做好3件事:安排好層次段落,鋪設好過渡,處理好開頭和結尾。如命題作文中有提示句,還要從提示句的關鍵字出發,圍繞關鍵字開拓思路,發揮聯想,記錄下聯想到的東西,可以是句子或單詞詞組,可以是英語或漢語。

段落主題

理文章之脈絡一篇短文的段落一般分為引導段、主題段和結尾段。每段的主題句非常重要,是作者思維的起點,切題的準繩,闡述的對象。看到段落主題句,讀者大致了解段落要闡述的內容。段落主題句通常是一個語法結構完整、內容概括、用詞簡潔明了的單句。通常將段落主題句置於段落的開頭,可使文章結構更清晰,有說服力。

參照提綱

緊扣主題句,完成各段落,充文章之血肉有了段落主題句後,還需要順著段落主題句的方向,參照提綱中的思路,從而完成各個段落。引導段要能引起讀者的注意和興趣,為主題段鋪路架橋。主題段應圍繞文章和該段的主題來展開。展開的方式包括:順序法、舉例法、比較法、對比法、說明法、因果法、推導法、歸納法,和下定義等。可以根據需要任選一種或幾種方式。

注意事項

進行這一步驟還需注意四方面問題:
1)確保提綱中段落結構的思路與各段主題句的一致性。只有這樣,才能保證所寫段落不偏題,不離題。
2)要綜合考慮各個段落的內容安排,避免段落內容的交叉。
3)用好連線詞,注意段落間、句子間的連貫性。要做到所寫文章層次分明,思路清晰,文字連貫,就需要在句與句之間,段與段之間架起一座座橋樑,而連線詞起的正是橋樑作用。 增加文采小竅門: 如果說第一、二步是對文章的構思,第三、四步驟則是真正地“寫”了,用詞是否貼切,文法是否正確,句式是否多變,文采是否有生氣,關係到寫作者的語言功底和水平,但也有些竅門是需要長時間累積的。
4)平時多注重積累一些高級辭彙也是很重要的

作文關鍵

作文是中學英語學習的重要內容之一,也是學生綜合能力的體現。它與學生的辭彙量、語法、句法能力和邏輯思維能力等有密不可分的關係,在高考中占有相當大的比重。而許多學生在此方面丟分甚多,以致影響最後總分,因此提高學生寫作能力勢在必行。如何提高學生的英語寫作能力呢?
1.掌握基本句型、詞組,加強基本功訓練。
任何文章都是由句子組成的,句子又是由詞組、基本句型構成的。要重視詞、短語、句型的理解記憶,因此,書面表達要從詞組、句型訓練入手,強化基礎知識。掌握好詞組、基本句型,再配上合適的時態,一篇文章就基本完成。

由易到難

句子是作文的基本單位,我們要有意識地進行連句成文的有步驟的訓練。先把辭彙寫出來,然後巧用一些關聯詞連句成篇。在大量形式多樣的簡單句子中,要逐步學會用簡單句子表達思想.並學會構寫一個語段來表達連貫的思想。

表達多樣

學生從開始接觸英語時就學到“主――謂――(賓)”或“主――系――表”結構。它是最基本、最常用,也是大部分學生唯一能夠信手拈來的句型。但這種句式若從頭至尾地貫穿於書面表達中,習作就顯得單調乏味。怎樣突破單一句式,使文章生動活潑、結構緊湊?我們可以學會運用以下表達方式:
(1)倒裝句式和定語從句的運用:地點狀語+謂語+主語(時態限於一般現在時和一般過去時)。該句型常用來描述物體方位,它比“there be”句型更令人印象深刻,結合定語從句的運用,使句子結構更加緊湊。
(2)動詞非謂語形式的運用。動詞非謂語形式的正確使用可使行文簡潔、流暢。
(3)從句的運用。熟練掌握以下句型對寫作幫助很大。
過了多久……(從句的動作)才發生:It will be +before +S+V.如:
It will be many years before nature can restore its balance.要過許多年,自然界才能恢復平衡。
從句的動作還沒來得及做,主句的動作就發生了:S+V+ before +S+V. 如:
She rushed out of the room before I had time to explain.我還沒來得及解釋她就衝出了房間。
what引導的名詞性從句。如:
What surprised (worried, disappointed, impressed…)me most is that….
What I need(want, worry about, hope…)is that….
(4)It is 形容詞或過去分詞+that—clause句型。
(5)It happened that+S+V句型。(碰巧發生什麼事)。
(6)強調句型:It is(was)+被強調成分+that/who+句子的其它成分。如:It was in Australia that I picked up my English.
4.培養良好的學習習慣。要求每天記日記 。有機會去寫自己身邊的瑣事,大膽地寫,不受約束,想寫什麼就寫什麼,有什麼就寫什麼。養成寫日記的好習慣。

語感基礎

“熟讀唐詩三百首,不會吟詩也會吟。”英語也一樣。在學習中大部分人總是擺脫不了漢語對英語學習的影響,習慣用漢語的思維方式去學英語,才會在寫作中無從下手或寫出一些句型錯誤的中式英語。只有多讀多背,對英語的語言習慣才會熟悉起來.並且找到語感,寫作時也才不會被漢語的思維習慣所干擾。“讀”即選讀一些外刊的精晶短文,或各種題材的範文,這類.文章語言規範、地道.文字短小精悍,學了就能派上用場。除此之外還要求學生正確發出每個單詞的音,流利讀出每句英文,還要求學生正確理解每句英文的意思,為下一步“記”掃清障礙。“記”指記憶,即背誦。書面表達的困難就在於我們頭腦中“漢語表達習慣”的“沉積層太厚”.要克服漢語干擾,徹底從學生的大腦中趕走“中國式英語”,依靠理解和熟讀英語短文,是不夠的.必須通過“背誦”才能使“英語表達法”深深印在學生的腦子裡。

大量閱讀

古人云:“讀書破萬卷,下筆如有神”、“口不絕吟於六藝之文,手不停披於百家之編”。可見,閱讀量對表達能力的影響是直接的,閱讀量越多,對表達能力的影響也越大。沒有大量閱讀,一切都是“空中樓閣”。大量的閱讀英語文章有助於擴大辭彙量豐富語言知識,增加語感,提高應運語言的能力,很多學生經常會想中文怎么寫就會寫.寫出中文式英文,語法不通。所以通過大量閱讀,逐漸地不會出現中文式英文。“大量閱讀,高效寫作”旨在培養學生的閱讀能力和寫作能力,即口頭和書面表達能力。這裡閱讀是前提和基礎,只有通過讓學生大量閱讀,積累豐富的經驗,才能掌握靈活的英語寫作方法,才能為表達奠定良好的基礎。
總之.要提高學生的英語寫作能力,就要培養學生良好的學習習慣,要重視詞、短語、造句的理解記憶,對課文中優秀的對話和篇章要背誦熟讀,多做翻譯、改寫和仿寫練習。結合課文進行各種體裁的寫作訓練。只有堅持不懈,持之以恆,才能寫出準確、生動、規範的英語文章。

中式英語

對英語作文的典型錯誤進行分析既是檢驗漢譯英水平的最佳方法,也是提高英語作文水平的最有效途徑。在此我們充分展示一下錯誤分析的方法和作用。下面 列舉的學生譯文收入了學生們在練習和考試中普遍出現的、具有代表性的英語錯誤。我們要仔細對照原文,努力挑出其中的錯誤,並且學會改正它們。在這個過程 中,我們可以做一件非常有用的事,就是把找出的錯誤分門別類,然後根據自己容易犯的錯誤類型,有針對性地進行深入的英語學習和寫作訓練。
翻譯錯誤 的出現不僅是因為水平有限,而且往往出於思維的惰性。把漢語原文的詞語都變成英文詞語,按一定順序串成句子,確實已經讓初學者費了不少腦筋。這時尤其要認 識到,寫作過程遠遠沒有結束。你還需要自問:詞語是否譯得恰當?要避免虛假對應;詞語間搭配是否合適?要避免照搬漢語搭配;句子結構是否自然?要避免中式 英文和翻譯腔。
需要說明的是,有一類常見錯誤這裡沒有列舉,那就是英語單詞的拼寫問題。因為它屬於英語學習的基礎內容,與漢譯英本身沒有直接關係。但大家還是要充分意識到正確拼寫的重要,勤查詞典,避免此類錯誤的發生。
案例分析
原作文
Chinese have the custom that they eat sweet dumplings made of glutinousrice flour and appreciate festive lanterns at the night of January 15.
錯誤分析
(1)少用冠詞:“中國人”應該譯為the Chinese (people)。再比較:“美國人”可譯為Americans,而“日本人”必須加冠詞,譯為the Japanese.
(2)搭配不當:the custom that they eat…不通,應改為the custom of eating.. .。
(3)動詞使用不當:appreciate為“讚賞”(to value or regard highly)之意,而原文中的“賞”意思應該是“觀賞”(watch) .
(4)介詞使用錯誤:原文指具體某一天的晚上,譯文介詞應由at改為 on(on the evening of)。
(5)不忠實於原文:January 15是公曆一月十五日,而原文“正月十五”指陰曆(lunar calendar)的一月十五日。
英語作文正確句子
The Chinese have the custom of eating yuanxiao(sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour) and watching festive lanterns on the fifteenth evening of the first lunar month.
單句寫作是英語寫作的基本功。在一個句子中,每個詞語都和其它詞語發生關係,互為語境,而句子本身則處於孤立狀態。所以當我們翻譯各個詞語時,要做到相 互協調,前後一致,邏輯嚴謹;而當我們對句子做整體處理時,就享有一定靈活性,也許能夠給出多種恰當的譯法,而這些譯法分別適用於不同的段落或篇章語境。 無論在詞語的選擇還是句子結構的處理上,我們對其適用範圍都要作到心中有數.

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