有機聯盟

有機聯盟，全稱國際有機農業運動聯盟（IFOAM），成立於1972年，官方語言為英語。IFOAM是世界性的國際組織，為全球有機農業的發展規劃決策者，為世界有機農業提供了重要標準，是世界有機農業的保護傘。

基本介紹

• 中文名：有機聯盟
• 外文名：IFOAM
• 全稱：國際有機農業運動聯盟
• 成立於：1972年
• 官方語言：英語
• 性質：世界性的國際組織

有機農業的原則

健康原則

有機農業應當將土壤、植物、動物、人類和整個地球的健康作為一個不可分割的整體而加以維持和加強

這一原則指出，個體與群體的健康是與生態系統的健康不可分割的，健康的土壤可以生產出健康的作物，而健康的作物是健康的動物和健康的人類的保障。健康是指一個有生命的系統的統一性和完整性。健康不僅僅是指沒有疾病，而是要維持系統的物質的、精神的、社會的和生態的利益。安全性、順應性和可再生性是健康的關鍵特徵。有機農業在農作、加工、銷售和消費中的作用是維持和加強從土壤中最小的生物直到人類的整個生態系統和生物的健康。有機農業特彆強調生產出高質量和富有營養的食品，為預防性的衛生保健和福利事業作出貢獻。為此，應避免使用那些對健康會產生不利影響的肥料、農藥、獸藥和食品添加劑。

生態原則

有機農業應以有生命的生態系統和生態循環為基礎，與之合作，與之協調，並幫助其持續生存。

這一原則將有機農業植根於有生命的生態系統中，強調有機農業生產應以生態過程和循環利用為基礎，通過具有特定的生產環境的生態來實現營養和福利方面的需求。對作物而言，這一生態就是有生命的土壤，對於動物而言，這一生態就是農場生態系統，對於淡水和海洋生物而言，這一生態則是水生環境。 有機種植、有機養殖和野生採集體系應適應於自然界的循環與生態平衡，這些循環雖然是常見的，但其情況卻因地而異。有機管理必須與當地的條件、生態、文化和規模相適應。應通過再利用、循環利用和對物質和能源的有效管理來減少投入物質的使用，從而維持和改善環境質量，保護資源。有機農業應通過對農業體系的設計、提供生態環境和保持基因與農業的多樣性來實現生態平衡。所有從事有機產品生產、加工、銷售及消費有機產品的人都應為保護包括景觀、氣候、生態環境、生物多樣性、大氣和水在內的公共環境作出貢獻。

公平原則

有機農業應建立起能確保公平享受公共環境和生存機遇的各種關係。

公平是以對我們共有的世界的平等、尊重、公正和管理為特徵的，這一公平既體現在人類之間，也體現在人類與其他生命體之間。這一原則強調所有從事有機農業的人都應當以一種能確保對所有層面和所有參與者——包括參與到有機農業中的所有農民、工人、加工者、分銷者、貿易者和消費者都公平的方式來處理人際關係，強調應根據動物的生理和自然習性以及它們的福利來提供其必要的生存條件和機會。應當以對社會和生態公正以及對子孫後代負責任的方式來利用生產與消費所需要的自然和環境資源。

關愛原則

應以一種有預見性的和負責任的態度來管理有機農業，以保護當前人類和子孫後代的健康和福利，同時保護環境

有機農業是為滿足內部和外部需求和條件而建立的一種有生命力的和充滿活力的系統。有機農業的實踐者可以提高系統的效率和生產力，前提是不能因此而對健康和福利產生危害，為此，應對擬採取的新技術進行評估，對於正在使用的方法也應當進行審核。對於在生態系統和農業方面的不完善理解必須給予充分的關注。這一原則強調，在有機農業的管理、發展和技術篩選方面最關鍵的問題是實施預防和有責任心。科學是確保有機農業有利於健康、安全和生態環境的必要條件。然而，僅有科學知識是不夠的，實踐經驗、積累的智慧以及傳統與本土的知識等可以提供有價值的經過時間驗證的解決方案。有機農業應通過選擇合適的技術和拒絕使用轉基因工程等無法預知其作用的技術來防止發生重大風險。我們的決策應通過透明的和參與式的方法和程式反映出所有有可能受到影響的方面的價值和需求。

The Principles of Organic Agriculture

Preamble

These Principles are the roots from which organic agriculture grows and develops. They express the contribution that organic agriculture can make to the world, and a vision to improve all agriculture in a global context.

Agriculture is one of humankind's most basic activities because all people need to nourish themselves daily. History, culture and community values are embedded in agriculture. The Principles apply to agriculture in the broadest sense, including the way people tend soils, water, plants and animals in order to produce, prepare and distribute food and other goods. They concern the way people interact with living landscapes, relate to one another and shape the legacy of future generations.

The Principles of Organic Agriculture serve to inspire the organic movement in its full diversity. They guide IFOAM's development of positions, programs and standards. Furthermore, they are presented with a vision of their world-wide adoption.

Organic agriculture is based on:

The principle of health

The principle of ecology

The principle of fairness

The principle of care

Each principle is articulated through a statement followed by an explanation. The principles are to be used as a whole. They are composed as ethical principles to inspire action.

Principle of health

Organic Agriculture should sustain and enhance the health of soil, plant, animal, human and planet as one and indivisible.

This principle points out that the health of individuals and communities cannot be separated from the health of ecosystems - healthy soils produce healthy crops that foster the health of animals and people.

Health is the wholeness and integrity of living systems. It is not simply the absence of illness, but the maintenance of physical, mental, social and ecological well-being. Immunity, resilience and regeneration are key characteristics of health.

The role of organic agriculture, whether in farming, processing, distribution, or consumption, is to sustain and enhance the health of ecosystems and organisms from the smallest in the soil to human beings. In particular, organic agriculture is intended to produce high quality, nutritious food that contributes to preventive health care and well-being. In view of this it should avoid the use of fertilizers, pesticides, animal drugs and food additives that may have adverse health effects.

Principle of ecology

Organic Agriculture should be based on living ecological systems and cycles, work with them, emulate them and help sustain them.

This principle roots organic agriculture within living ecological systems. It states that production is to be based on ecological processes, and recycling. Nourishment and well-being are achieved through the ecology of the specific production environment. For example, in the case of crops this is the living soil; for animals it is the farm ecosystem; for fish and marine organisms, the aquatic environment.

Organic farming, pastoral and wild harvest systems should fit the cycles and ecological balances in nature. These cycles are universal but their operation is site-specific. Organic management must be adapted to local conditions, ecology, culture and scale. Inputs should be reduced by reuse, recycling and efficient management of materials and energy in order to maintain and improve environmental quality and conserve resources.

Organic agriculture should attain ecological balance through the design of farming systems, establishment of habitats and maintenance of genetic and agricultural diversity. Those who produce, process, trade, or consume organic products should protect and benefit the common environment including landscapes, climate, habitats, biodiversity, air and water.

Principle of fairness

Organic Agriculture should build on relationships that ensure fairness with regard to the common environment and life opportunities

Fairness is characterized by equity, respect, justice and stewardship of the shared world, both among people and in their relations to other living beings.

This principle emphasizes that those involved in organic agriculture should conduct human relationships in a manner that ensures fairness at all levels and to all parties - farmers, workers, processors, distributors, traders and consumers. Organic agriculture should provide everyone involved with a good quality of life, and contribute to food sovereignty and reduction of poverty. It aims to produce a sufficient supply of good quality food and other products.

This principle insists that animals should be provided with the conditions and opportunities of life that accord with their physiology, natural behavior and well-being.

Natural and environmental resources that are used for production and consumption should be managed in a way that is socially and ecologically just and should be held in trust for future generations. Fairness requires systems of production, distribution and trade that are open and equitable and account for real environmental and social costs.

Principle of care

Organic Agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations and the environment.

Organic agriculture is a living and dynamic system that responds to internal and external demands and conditions. Practitioners of organic agriculture can enhance efficiency and increase productivity, but this should not be at the risk of jeopardizing health and well-being. Consequently, new technologies need to be assessed and existing methods reviewed. Given the incomplete understanding of ecosystems and agriculture, care must be taken.

This principle states that precaution and responsibility are the key concerns in management, development and technology choices in organic agriculture. Science is necessary to ensure that organic agriculture is healthy, safe and ecologically sound. However, scientific knowledge alone is not sufficient. Practical experience, accumulated wisdom and traditional and indigenous knowledge offer valid solutions, tested by time. Organic agriculture should prevent significant risks by adopting appropriate technologies and rejecting unpredictable ones, such as genetic engineering. Decisions should reflect the values and needs of all who might be affected, through transparent and participatory processes.

有機保障體系（OGS）：

有機保障體系（OGS）在全球範圍內促進貿易，支持有機完整性，並保障消費者利益。在市場上和貿易中“有機”產品數量迅速增長的形勢下，OGS起到了為市場中產品的有機完整性提供保證的作用。有機保障體系（OGS）通過為全球有機生產和加工提供共同的標準以及共同的驗證和市場識別體系，將全世界的有機界聯合起來。

參與式保障體系（PGS）：

Since 2002, IFOAM’s work to support the development of Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS) worldwide has been advised by an international group of PGS experts, originally formed as a working group and which became an official IFOAM Task Force in 2006. In response to a motion by the IFOAM General Assembly 2008 to give PGS a place in IFOAM’s permanent internal structures, the IFOAM World Board approved last April the creation of a permanent IFOAM PGS committee and approved its new Terms of Reference. Although the implementation of PGS-related activities in IFOAM is currently on the back-burner due to lack of funding, a comprehensive 3-year PGS plan has been developed and will be implemented once funding is secured. The PGS committee will play a key role in advising the IFOAM World Board on PGS issues and will work closely with the IFOAM Head Office to implement the comprehensive PGS program.

土壤肥力

1土壤-充滿活力的生物有機體

1.1土壤的組成和結構

1.2土壤微觀世界

2如何提高土壤肥力?

2.1如何讓土壤肥沃?

2.2土壤有機質的重要性

3土壤栽培和耕作

3.1土壤耕作的目的

3.2土壤耕作方法

3.3適合的土壤耕作工具

4土壤侵蝕：嚴重的威脅

4.1如何應對土壤侵蝕

4.2植被覆蓋

4.3防止土壤侵蝕的構築物

5水分保持

5.1保持土壤中的水分

5.2收集水分

5.3灌溉

6土壤覆蓋

6.1為什麼採用土壤覆蓋?

6.2土壤覆蓋的局限性

6.3土壤覆蓋的套用

植物營養

1養分平衡

1.1植物營養與植物健康

1.2通過管理土壤有機質實現養分供應

1.3植物的主要營養元素及其供應

1.4養分循環－最佳化農場中的養分管理

2套種作物以及作物輪作

2.1通過多樣化種植進行養分管理

2.2間套種和輪作

2.3作物輪作

3肥料

3.1有機肥及其價值

3.2農家肥的妥善利用

3.3商品有機肥

3.4液體有機肥

3.5礦質肥料

3.6微生物肥料

4堆肥

4.1堆肥的各個階段

4.2為什麼要製作堆肥?

4.3如何生產好的堆肥

5綠肥

5.1什麼是綠肥

5.2綠肥的潛力和限制因素

5.3固氮植物

5.4如何使用綠肥

病蟲草害管理

1病蟲害的有機管理

1.1植物健康

1.2預防措施

1.3治療性的植保措施

2天敵

2.1害蟲和病害的生態學

2.2保護天敵

2.3生物防治

3天然農藥

3.1植物源農藥

3.2植物源農藥的配製和使用

3.3其它的天然農藥

4雜草管理

4.1雜草生態學

4.2雜草管理

畜禽養殖

1畜禽養殖

1.1畜禽養殖的作用

1.2農場畜禽的要求

1.3圈舍

2畜禽飼養

2.1均衡營養

2.2飼料種植

3動物健康和繁育

3.1如何讓動物保持健康

3.2獸藥治療

3.3有機畜禽養殖中的動物繁育