Protection and Indemnity Associations
船東互保協會
P. & I. Clubs 船東互保協會。船東互保協會規定承保範圍，它由船東組成，意圖為可能承擔的責任範圍提供金融保障。作為船東面臨同類性質風險的結果，船東互保協會在風險放在同類業務量這一互助的基礎上運作；每年度102保險費的溢價將匯入根據風險暴露程度確定的共同基金，而損失將從該共同基金對外補償。
每一成員每年度繳納費用的定價根據他希望承保的災難情況、所選擇的絕對免配額(deductibles)和他所提示披露的特別風險(individual risk)確定。這個基準定價（包括維持協會運作開支每一成員承擔的份額和再保險費(reinsurance premiums)）,乘以保單年度中輸入的總噸數，從而產生“預付保險費(advance call)”。在保單年度終結後，年度餘額為預付保險費收入減去已付和應付的訴訟費用、管理費用、在保險費用和代理費用。如果各類費用超支，將向各成員按預付保險費的比例（一次或數次）徵收補充保險費(supplementary calls)。如果收入多於各類開支，將按同樣基礎做出返還。
換言之，協會成員分攤各自的責任，保險人也是被保險人。目前有近20家的船東互保協會在運作。大多數協會已加入保障和賠款俱樂部國際集團(International Group of Protection and Indemnity Clubs) ，該集團是出於再保險目的和解決大多數成員關心問題而組成的聯營體。主要的船東互保協會在英國、斯堪的納維亞(半島)(瑞典、挪威、丹麥、冰島的泛稱)、日本和美國。國際集團的俱樂部有：
The American Steamship Owners Mutual Protection and Indemnity Association, Inc. [ http://www.american-club.com/ ]
Assuranceforeningen Gard (Gjensidig) [ http://www.gard.no/ ]
Assuranceforeningen Skuld (Gjensidig) [ http://www.skuld.com/ ]
Britannia Steam Ship Insurance Association Ltd.
Japan Ship Owners' Mutual Protection & Indemnity Association [ http://www.piclub.or.jp/ ]
Liverpool and London Steamship Protection & Indemnity Association Limited
London Steam-Ship Owners' Mutual Insurance Association Limited [ http://www.lsso.com/ ]
North of England P. & I. Association [ http://www.nepia.com/ ]
Shipowners' Mutual Protection and Indemnity Association, St. Clare House
Standard Steamship Owners' Protection & Indemnity Association Limited [ http://www.standard-club.com/ ]
Steamship Mutual Underwriting Association Limited [ http://www.ssmua.com/ ]
Sveriges Angfartygs Assurans Forening (The Swedish Club)
United Kingdom Mutual Steam-Ship Assurance Association Limited [ http://www.ukpandi.com/ ]
West of England Ship Owners Mutual Insurance Services Limted [ http://www.westpandi.com/ ]
