基本介紹
語言介紹,語言特點,語言套用,語言樣本,日常用語,語法,
語言介紹
使用人口大約790萬人，約占南非人口的百分之18，主要集中在南非南部的兩個省分，該語言現在是拉丁字母書寫。
另外，科薩語是南非前總統納爾遜·曼德拉的母語。
語言特點
像其它班圖語言一樣，科薩語是帶有聲調的語言，它具有兩種聲調。也就是說，同一組元音和輔音的組合，如果用升調或降調，高音或低音發聲，表達的是不同的意思。科薩語一個最顯著的特點，是它的吸氣輔音（click consonants）。這種語言的名稱Xhosa就是用一個吸氣輔音開頭的。在採用拉丁字母拼寫科薩語的系統中，用三個字母來表達吸氣輔音：c, x,和q。
在十六世紀之前，說科薩語的人就居住在南非的海岸線一帶。說科薩語的部族稱他們自己使用的語言為amaXhsa或isiXhosa。幾乎所有帶吸氣輔音的語言都是克瓦桑族語（Khoisan languages）。科薩語中的吸氣輔音表明，它是克瓦桑族語的近親。大約有15%的辭彙來自克瓦桑族語。到了近代，科薩語又從南非語（即南非荷蘭語）和英語中借用了很多辭彙。
科薩語發音表語言套用
目前，在初小教育和部分高小教育中，科薩語是主要的語言。但是，進入更高一級的教育後，教育用語便為英語所取代。儘管在學校中，還有科薩語的學術團體，並開設科薩語的課程。在南非大學，授課用語是英語和南非語，而學生可以當作一門課程來選修科薩語。學這門功課的學生，可能他們的母語就是科薩語，也可能不是。
第一部科薩語的《聖經》是1859年由英國人Henry Hare Dugmore與當地人合作翻譯出版的。Henry Hare Dugmore能夠講流利的科薩語。目前，科薩語的報刊和雜誌隨處可見，也有許多散文、詩歌等文學作品。南非廣播公司每天播出科薩語的電視和廣播節目。用科薩語唱歌的著名歌手Miriam Makeba，以特有的帶吸氣輔音的歌調，使其聲名遠揚到南非之外的世界各國。
語言樣本
科薩語樣本：
Bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile belingana ngesidima nangokweemfanelo. Bonke abantu banesiphiwo sesazela nesizathu sokwenza isenzo ongathanda ukuba senziwe kumzalwane wakho.
對應英文：
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
日常用語
| English | isiXhosa (Xhosa) |
|---|---|
Welcome | Siya namkela nonke |
Hello | Molo |
How are you? Fine thanks, and you? | Unjani? |
Ndiyaphila, enkosi. Kunjani kuwe? Ndiphilile enkosi, unjani wena? | |
Long time no see | Kudala ndakugqibela |
What's your name? My name is ... | Ngubani igama lakho? Igama lakho? |
Igama lam ngu ... | |
Where are you from? I'm from ... | Uvela phi? |
Ndivela e... | |
Pleased to meet you | Ndiyavuya ukukwazi |
Good afternoon | Uben' emva kwemini entle / Ube nemini emnandi |
Good evening | Ubusuku obuhle |
Good night | Rhonanai / Ulale kakuhle |
Goodbye | Hamba kakuhle (go well) Sala kakuhle (stay well) |
Good luck | Amathamsanqa |
Cheers/Good health! | Impilo! |
Have a nice day | Ubenemini emnandi |
Bon appetit | Ukonwabele ukutya kwakho |
Bon voyage | Uhambe kakuhle |
I don't understand | Andiva |
Please speak more slowly | Khawucothise |
Please say that again | Ndicela uphinde / Khawuphinde utsho / Yitsho kaphinda |
Please write it down | Cela uyibhale phantsi |
Do you speak Xhosa? Yes | Uyakwazi ukuthetha isiXhosa? |
Ewe | |
Do you speak English? | Uyakwazi ukuthetha isiNgesi? |
How do you say ... in Xhosa? | Uthini …ngesiXhosa? |
Excuse me | Uxolo! Ndixolele! |
How much is this? | Yimalini? |
Sorry | Ndicela uxolo |
Thank you Response | Ndiyabulela / Enkosi |
Wamkelekile | |
Where's the toilet? | Liphi igumbi langasese? |
This gentleman/lady will pay for everything | uMfana uzakubhatala yonke into / uBhuti uzakubhatala yonke into Inenekazi lizokubhatala yonke into / Ilady lokubhatala yonke into |
Would you like to dance with me? | Ungathanda ukudansa? |
I love you | Ndiya kuthanda |
Get well soon | Uphile ngokukhawuleza |
Leave me alone! | Ndiyeke! |
Help! | Nceda! |
Call the police! | Biza amapolisa! |
Merry Christmas and Happy New Year | Siniqwenelela Ikrisimesi Emnandi Nonyaka Omtsha Ozele Iintsikelelo |
Happy Birthday | Imini emnandi kuwe |
One language is never enough | Ulwimi olunye zange lonela |
語法
數詞
1 | Kiet | Akpa |
2 | Iba | Udiana Akpa |
3 | Ita | ɔyɔhɔ Akpa Ita |
4 | Inaŋ | ɔyɔhɔ Akpa Inaŋ |
5 | Ition | |
6 | Itiokiet | |
7 | Itiaba | |
8 | Itiaita | |
9 | Usukkiet | |
10 | Duop | |
11 | Duopekiet | |
12 | Duopeba | |
13 | Duopeta | |
14 | Duopenaŋ | |
15 | Efut | |
16 | Efutkiet | |
17 | Efureba | |
18 | Efureta | |
19 | Efurenaŋ | |
20 | Edip | |
21 | Edip Ye Kiet | |
22 | Edip Ye Iba | |
23 | Edip Ye Ita | |
24 | Edip Ye Inaŋ | |
25 | Edip Ye Ition | |
26 | Edip Ye Itiokiet | |
27 | Edip Ye Itiaba | |
28 | Edip Ye Itiaita | |
29 | Edip Ye Inaŋ | |
30 | Edip Ye Duop | |
31 | Edip Ye Duopkiet | |
32 | Edip Ye Duopeba | |
33 | Edip Ye Duopeta | |
34 | Edip Ye Duopenaŋ | |
35 | Edip Ye Efut | |
36 | Edip Ye Efutkiet | |
37 | Edip Ye Efureba | |
38 | Edip Ye Efureta | |
39 | Edip Ye Efurenaŋ | |
40 | Aba | |
50 | Aba Ye Duop | |
60 | Ata | |
70 | Ata Ye Duop | |
80 | Anaŋ | |
90 | Anaŋ Ye Duop | |
100 | Ikie | |
101 | Ikie Ye Kiet | |
110 | Ikie Ye Duop | |
112 | Ikie Ye Duopeba | |
120 | Ikie Ye Edip | |
150 | Ikie Ye Aba Ye Duop | |
200 | Ikie Iba | |
300 | Ikie Ita | |
400 | Ikie Inaŋ | |
500 | Ikie Ition | |
600 | Ikie Itiokiet | |
700 | Ikie Itiaba | |
800 | Ikie Itiaita | |
900 | Ikie Usukiet | |
1000 | Tɔsin |
