基本介紹
- 中文名：南亞世界文化遺產
- 站點：八個
- 網站：6個
- 國家：南亞
簡介,列表,
簡介
南亞世界文化遺產，印尼和越南領導這個列表,上面刻有八個站點,菲律賓有6個網站,嗎泰國有五個網站,馬來西亞四,緊隨其後的是高棉和寮國和緬甸,上面刻有兩個網站,上面刻有一個網站。第一個網站從該地區被鐫刻在第15屆世界遺產委員會在1991年。最新的網站上山Hamiguitan野生動物保護區範圍在菲律賓,緬甸和Pyu古代城市莊一個風景景觀複雜在越南鐫刻在第38屆委員會多哈回合談判,卡達2014年6月。每年,聯合國教科文組織世界遺產委員會可以記下新的網站列表,或摘牌,不再符合標準的網站。 選擇是基於十個標準:6個文化遺產(i-vi)和四個自然遺產(vii-x)。一些網站,指定“混合網站”,代表著兩種文化和自然遺產。 在東南亞,有22個文化、13個自然,和1混合網站。
列表
| Site | Image | Location | Criteria | Area ha (acre) | Year | Description | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angkor | Siem Reap Province,Cambodia 13°26′N103°50′E | Cultural: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) | 40,000 (99,000) | 1992 | Angkor is one of the most important archaeological sites in South-East Asia. Stretching over some 401 km2 = 40,000 hectares, including forested area, Angkor Archaeological Park contains the magnificent remains of the different capitals of the Khmer Empire, from the 9th to the 15th century. They include the famous Temple of Angkor Wat and, at Angkor Thom, the Bayon Temple with its countless sculptural decorations. UNESCO has set up a wide-ranging programme to safeguard this symbolic site and its surroundings. The site was listed asendangeredfrom its inscription in times of political instability following the civil war in the 1980s to 2004. | ||
| Archaeological Heritage of the Lenggong Valley | Perak,Malaysia 5°4′N100°58′E | Cultural: (iii), (iv) | 399 (990) | 2012 | The site includes four archaeological sites in two clusters which span close to two million years, one of the longest records of early man in a single locality, and the oldest outside the African continent. It features open-air and cave sites with Palaeolithic tool workshops, evidence of early technology. | ||
| Ban Chiang Archaeological Site | Udon Thani Province,Thailand 17°32′55″N103°47′23″E | Cultural: (iii) | 64 (160) | 1992 | Ban Chiang is considered the most important prehistoric settlement so far discovered in South-East Asia. It was the centre of a remarkable phenomenon of human cultural, social, and technological evolution in the 5th millennium BCE, which occurred independently in this area of south-east Asia and spread widely over the whole region. It marks an important stage in human cultural, social and technological evolution. The site presents the earliest evidence of farming in the region and of the manufacture and use of metals. | ||
| Baroque Churches of the Philippines | Cultural: (ii), (iv) | — | 1993 | These four churches were built by the Spanish in the late 16th century. Their unique architectural style is a reinterpretation of European Baroque by Philippine craftsmen. Services are still held in these churches up to the present day. | |||
| Borobudur Temple Compounds | Magelang Regency,Central JavaIndonesia 7°36′28″S110°12′13″E | Cultural: (i), (ii), (vi) | — | 1991 | This famous Buddhist temple, dating from the 8th and 9th centuries, is located in central Java. It was built in three tiers: a pyramidal base with five concentric square terraces, the trunk of a cone with three circular platforms and, at the top, a monumental stupa. The walls and balustrades are decorated with fine low reliefs, covering a total surface area of 2,500 m2. Around the circular platforms are 72 openwork stupas, each containing a statue of the Buddha. The monument was restored with UNESCO's help in the 1970s. | ||
| Central Sector of theImperial Citadel of Thang Long- Hanoi | Cultural: (ii), (iii), (vi) | 18 (44); buffer zone 108 (270) | 2010 | The Thang Long Imperial Citadel was built in the 11th century by the Ly Viet Dynasty, marking the independence of the Dai Viet. It was constructed on the remains of a Chinese fortress dating from the 7th century, on drained land reclaimed from the Red River Delta in Hanoi. It was the centre of regional political power for almost 13 centuries without interruption. The Imperial Citadel buildings and the remains in the 18 Hoang Dieu Archaeological Site reflect a unique South-East Asian culture specific to the lower Red River Valley, at the crossroads between influences coming from China in the north and the ancient Kingdom of Champa in the south. | |||
| Citadel of the Hồ Dynasty | Tây Giai,Vĩnh Lộc District,Thanh Hóa Province,Vietnam 20°4′41″N105°36′17″E | Cultural: (ii), (iv) | 156 (390); buffer zone 5,079 (12,550) | 2011 | The 14th-century Hồ Dynasty citadel, built according tofeng shuiprinciples, testifies to the flowering of neo-Confucianism in late 14th century Viet Nam and its spread to other parts of east Asia. According to these principles it was sited in a landscape of great scenic beauty on an axis joining the Tuong Son and Don Son mountains in a plain between the Ma and Buoi rivers. The citadel buildings represent an outstanding example of a new style of south-east Asian imperial city. | ||
| Complex of Hué Monuments | Thừa Thiên–Huế Province,Vietnam 16°28′10″N107°34′40″E | Cultural: (iii), (iv) | — | 1993 | Established as the capital of unified Viet Nam in 1802, Hué was not only the political but also the cultural and religious centre under the Nguyen dynasty until 1945. The Perfume River winds its way through the Capital City, the Imperial City, the Forbidden Purple City and the Inner City, giving this unique feudal capital a setting of great natural beauty. It is an outstanding example of ancient oriental philosophy in general and Vietnamese tradition in particular. | ||
| Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy | BaliIndonesia 8°20′0″S115°0′0″E | Cultural: (ii), (iii), (v), (vi) | 19,520 (48,200) | 2012 | It forms a cultural landscape of five rice terraces and their water temples that cover 19,500 hectares. The temples are the focus of a cooperative water management system of canals and weirs, known assubak, that dates back to the 9th century. Included in the landscape is the 18th-century Royal Temple of Pura Taman Ayun, the largest and most impressive architectural edifice of its type on the island. The subak reflects the philosophical concept of Tri Hita Karana, which brings together the realms of the spirit, the human world and nature. | 1194rev | |
| Dong Phayayen-Khao YaiForest Complex | Saraburi,Nakhon Ratchasima,Nakhon Nayok,Prachinburi,Sa KaeoandBuriram ProvincesThailand 14°20′N102°3′E | Natural: (x) | 615,500 (1,521,000) | 2005 | The Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex spans 230km between Ta Phraya National Park on the Cambodian border in the east, and Khao Yai National Park in the west. The site is home to more than 800 species of fauna, including 112 mammal species (among them two species of gibbon), 392 bird species and 200 reptile and amphibian species. It is internationally important for the conservation of globally threatened and endangered mammal, bird and reptile species, among them 19 that are vulnerable, four that are endangered, and one that is critically endangered. The area contains substantial and important tropical forest ecosystems, which can provide a viable habitat for the long-term survival of these species. | ||
| Gunung Mulu National Park | northernSarawak,Borneo,Malaysia 4°8′N114°55′E | Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) | 52,864 (130,630) | 2000 | Important both for its high biodiversity and for its karst features, Gunung Mulu National Park, on the island of Borneo in the State of Sarawak, is the most studied tropical karst area in the world. The 52,864-ha park contains seventeen vegetation zones, exhibiting some 3,500 species of vascular plants. Its palm species are exceptionally rich, with 109 species in twenty genera noted. The park is dominated by Gunung Mulu, a 2,377 m-high sandstone pinnacle. At least 295km of explored caves provide a spectacular sight and are home to millions of cave swiftlets and bats. The Sarawak Chamber, 600 m by 415 m and 80 m high, is the largest known cave chamber in the world. | ||
| Hạ Long Bay | Quảng Ninh Province,Vietnam 20°54′N107°6′E | Natural: (vii), (viii) | 150,000 (370,000) | 1994 | Hạ Long Bay, in the Gulf of Tonkin, includes some 1,600 islands and islets, forming a spectacular seascape of limestone pillars. Because of their precipitous nature, most of the islands are uninhabited and unaffected by a human presence. The site's outstanding scenic beauty is complemented by its great biological interest. | ||
| Historic City of Ayutthaya | Ayutthaya province,Thailand 14°20′52″N100°33′38″E | Cultural: (iii) | 289 (710) | 1991 | Founded c. 1350, Ayutthaya became the second Siamese capital after Sukhothai. It was destroyed by the Burmese in the 18th century. Its remains, characterized by the prang (reliquary towers) and gigantic monasteries, give an idea of its past splendour. Located just an hour out of Bangkok, tt remains a popular tourist destination to this day. | ||
| Historic Town of Sukhothai and Associated Historic Towns | SukhothaiandKamphaeng Phet Provinces,Thailand 17°0′26″N99°47′23″E | Cultural: (i), (iii) | 11,852 (29,290) | 1991 | Sukhothai was the capital of the first Kingdom of Siam in the 13th and 14th centuries. It has a number of fine monuments, illustrating the beginnings of Thai architecture. The great civilization which evolved in the Kingdom of Sukhothai absorbed numerous influences and ancient local traditions; the rapid assimilation of all these elements forged what is known as the 'Sukhothai style'. | ||
| Historic Town of Vigan | Ilocos Sur,Philippines 17°34′30″N120°23′15″E | Cultural: (ii), (iv) | — | 1999 | Established in the 16th century, Vigan is the best-preserved example of a planned Spanish colonial town in Asia. Its architecture reflects the coming together of cultural elements from elsewhere in the Philippines, from Asia and from Europe, resulting in a culture and townscape that have no parallel anywhere in East and South-East Asia. | ||
| Hội An Ancient Town | Hội An,Quảng Nam Province,Vietnam 15°53′0″N108°20′0″E | Cultural: (ii), (v) | 30 (74); buffer zone 280 (690) | 1999 | Hội An Ancient Town is an exceptionally well-preserved example of a South-East Asian trading port dating from the 15th to the 19th century. Its buildings and its street plan reflect the influences, both indigenous and foreign, that have combined to produce this unique heritage site. The town is a special example of a traditional trading port in South-East Asia which has been completely and assiduously preserved: it is the only town in Viet Nam that has survived intact in this way. | ||
| Kinabalu Park | Sabah,Borneo,Malaysia 6°15′N116°30′E | Natural: (ix), (x) | 75,370 (186,200) | 2000 | Kinabalu Park, in the State of Sabah on the northern end of the island of Borneo, is dominated by Mount Kinabalu (4,095 m), the highest mountain between the Himalayas and New Guinea. It has a very wide range of habitats, from rich tropical lowland and hill rainforest to tropical mountain forest, sub-alpine forest and scrub on the higher elevations. It has been designated as a Centre of Plant Diversity for Southeast Asia and is exceptionally rich in species with examples of flora from the Himalayas, China, Australia, Malaysia, as well as pan-tropical flora. | ||
| Komodo National Park | East Nusa TenggaraIndonesia 8°33′S119°29′E | Natural: (vii), (x) | 219,322 (541,960) | 1991 | These volcanic islands are inhabited by a population of around 5,700 giant lizards, whose appearance and aggressive behaviour have led to them being called 'Komodo dragons'. They exist nowhere else in the world and are of great interest to scientists studying the theory of evolution. The rugged hillsides of dry savannah and pockets of thorny green vegetation contrast starkly with the brilliant white sandy beaches and the blue waters surging over coral. | ||
| Lorentz National Park | PapuaIndonesia 4°45′S137°50′E | Natural: (vii), (ix), (x) | 2,350,000 (5,800,000) | 1999 | Lorentz National Park (2.35 million ha) is the largest protected area in South-East Asia. It is the only protected area in the world to incorporate a continuous, intact transect from snowcap to tropical marine environment, including extensive lowland wetlands. Located at the meeting-point of two colliding continental plates, the area has a complex geology with ongoing mountain formation as well as major sculpting by glaciation. The area also contains fossil sites which provide evidence of the evolution of life on New Guinea, a high level of endemism and the highest level of biodiversity in the region. | ||
| MelakaandGeorge Town, Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca | MalaccaandPenang,Malay Peninsula,Malaysia 5°25′17″N100°20′45″E | Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv) | 148 (370); buffer zone 284 (700) | 2008 | Melaka and George Town, historic cities of the Straits of Malacca have developed over 500 years of trading and cultural exchanges between East and West in the Straits of Malacca. The influences of Asia and Europe have endowed the towns with a specific multicultural heritage that is both tangible and intangible. With its government buildings, churches, squares and fortifications, Melaka demonstrates the early stages of this history originating in the 15th-century Malay sultanate and the Portuguese and Dutch periods beginning in the early 16th century. Featuring residential and commercial buildings, George Town represents the British era from the end of the 18th century. The two towns constitute a unique architectural and cultural townscape without parallel anywhere in East and Southeast Asia. | ||
| Mount HamiguitanRange Wildlife Sanctuary | Davao Oriental,Philippines 6°43′1.81″N126°10′24.35″E | Natural: (x) | 2014 | Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary in Mindanao, Philippines is the only protected forest noted for its uniquebonsaifield or 'pygmy' forest of 100-year old trees in an ultramafic soil. | |||
| Mỹ Sơn Sanctuary | Duy Phú,Duy Xuyên District,Quảng Nam Province,Vietnam 15°31′0″N108°34′0″E | Cultural: (ii), (iii) | 142 (350); buffer zone 920 (2,300) | 1999 | Between the 4th and 13th centuries a unique culture which owed its spiritual origins to Indian Hinduism developed on the coast of contemporary Viet Nam. This is graphically illustrated by the remains of a series of impressive tower-temples located in a dramatic site that was the religious and political capital of the Champa Kingdom for most of its existence. | ||
| Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park | Bố TrạchandMinh Hóadistricts,Quảng Bình Province,Vietnam 17°32′14″N106°9′5″E | Natural: (viii) | 85,754 (211,900) | 2003 | The karst formation of Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park has evolved since the Palaeozoic (some 400 million years ago) and so is the oldest major karst area in Asia. Subject to massive tectonic changes, the park’s karst landscape is extremely complex with many geomorphic features of considerable significance. The vast area, extending to the border of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, contains spectacular formations including 65km of caves and underground rivers. | ||
| Prambanan Temple Compounds | Central JavaIndonesia 7°45′8″S110°29′30″E | Cultural: (i), (iv) | — | 1991 | Built in the 10th century, this is the largest temple compound dedicated to Shiva in Indonesia. Rising above the centre of the last of these concentric squares are three temples decorated with reliefs illustrating the epic of the Ramayana, dedicated to the three great Hindu divinities (Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma) and three temples dedicated to the animals who serve them. | ||
| Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park | Palawan,Philippines 10°10′0″N118°55′0″E | Natural: (vii), (x) | 5,753 (14,220) | 1999 | This park features a spectacular limestone karst landscape with an underground river. One of the river's distinguishing features is that it emerges directly into the sea, and its lower portion is subject to tidal influences. The area also represents a significant habitat for biodiversity conservation. The site contains a full 'mountain-to-sea' ecosystem and has some of the most important forests in Asia. The river is also one of the 7 Wonders of Nature, as declared following the competition run by New7Wonders. | ||
| Pyu Ancient Cities | Mandalay,Magway,Bago,Myanmar 22°28′12″N95°49′7″E | Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv) | 2014 | Pyu Ancient Cities includes the remains of three brick, walled and moated cities of Halin, Beikthano and Sri Ksetra located in vast irrigated landscapes in the dry zone of the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) River basin. They reflect the Pyu Kingdoms that flourished for over 1,000 years between 200 B.C and 900 A.D. The three cities are partly excavated archaeological sites. Remains include excavated palace citadels, burial grounds and early industrial production sites, as well as monumental brick Buddhist stupas, partly standing walls and water management features – some still in use - that underpinned the organized intensive agriculture. | |||
| Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras | Ifugao,Cordillera Region,Philippines 16°56′2″N121°8′12″E | Cultural: (iii), (iv), (v) | — | 1995 | This site was removed from the "endangered" list in 2012 due to the success of the government's conservation efforts. These terraces have been in use for 2000 years, and are an outstanding example of an evolved, living cultural landscape. The inscription covers five clusters: (i) the Nagacadan terrace cluster in the municipality of Kiangan, a rice terrace cluster manifested in two distinct ascending rows of terraces bisected by a river; (ii) the Hungduan terrace cluster that uniquely emerges into a spider web; (iii) the central Mayoyao terrace cluster which is characterized by terraces interspersed with traditional farmers’ bale (houses) and alang (granaries); (iv) the Bangaan terrace cluster in the municipality of Banaue that backdrops a typical Ifugao traditional village; and (v) the Batad terrace cluster of the municipality of Banaue that is nestled in amphitheatre-like semi-circular terraces with a village at its base. | ||
| Sangiran Early Man Site | Central JavaIndonesia 7°24′0″S110°49′0″E | Cultural: (iii), (vi) | 5,600 (14,000) | 1996 | Excavations here from 1936 to 1941 led to the discovery of the first hominid fossil at this site. Later, 50 fossils of Meganthropus palaeo and Pithecanthropus erectus/Homo erectus were found – half of all the world's known hominid fossils. Inhabited for the past one and a half million years, Sangiran is one of the key sites for the understanding of human evolution. | ||
| Temple of Preah Vihear | Preah Vihear Province,Cambodia 14°23′18″N104°41′2″E | Cultural: (i) | 155 (380); buffer zone 2,643 (6,530) | 2008 | Situated on the edge of a plateau that dominates the plain of Cambodia, the Temple of Preah Vihear is dedicated to Shiva. The Temple is composed of a series of sanctuaries linked by a system of pavements and staircases over an 800 metre long axis and dates back to the first half of the 11th century AD. Nevertheless, its complex history can be traced to the 9th century, when the hermitage was founded. This site is particularly well preserved, mainly due to its remote location. The site is exceptional for the quality of its architecture, which is adapted to the natural environment and the religious function of the temple, as well as for the exceptional quality of its carved stone ornamentation. | ||
| Thungyai-Huai Kha KhaengWildlife Sanctuaries | Kanchanaburi,TakandUthai Thani ProvincesThailand 15°20′N98°55′E | Natural: (vii), (ix), (x) | 622,200 (1,537,000) | 1991 | Stretching over more than 600,000 ha along the Myanmar border, the sanctuaries, which are relatively intact, contain examples of almost all the forest types of continental South-East Asia. They are home to a very diverse array of animals, including 77% of the large mammals (especially elephants and tigers), 50% of the large birds and 33% of the land vertebrates to be found in this region. | ||
| Town of Luang Prabang | Luang Prabang Province,Laos 19°53′20″N102°8′0″E | Cultural: (ii), (iv), (v) | — | 1995 | Luang Prabang is an outstanding example of the fusion of traditional architecture and Lao urban structures with those built by the European colonial authorities in the 19th and 20th centuries. Its unique, remarkably well-preserved townscape illustrates a key stage in the blending of these two distinct cultural traditions. | ||
| Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra | Sumatra,Indonesia 2°30′S101°30′E | Natural: (vii), (ix), (x) | 2,595,124 (6,412,690) | 2004 | The 2.5 million hectare Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra site comprises three national parks: Gunung Leuser National Park, Kerinci Seblat National Park and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. The site holds the greatest potential for long-term conservation of the distinctive and diverse biota of Sumatra, including many endangered species. The protected area is home to an estimated 10,000 plant species, including 17 endemic genera; more than 200 mammal species; and some 580 bird species of which 465 are resident and 21 are endemic. Of the mammal species, 22 are Asian, not found elsewhere in the archipelago and 15 are confined to the Indonesian region, including the endemic Sumatran orang-utan. The site also provides biogeographic evidence of the evolution of the island. The site has been listed asendangeredsince 2011 due to poaching, illegal logging, agricultural encroachment, and plans to build roads. | ||
| Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park | Cagayancillo,Palawan,Philippines 8°57′12″N119°52′3″E | Natural: (vii), (ix), (x) | 130,028 (321,310) | 1993 | The Tubbataha Reef Marine Park covers 130,028 ha, including the North and South Reefs. It is a unique example of an atoll reef with a very high density of marine species; the North Islet serving as a nesting site for birds and marine turtles. The site is an excellent example of a pristine coral reef with a spectacular 100-m perpendicular wall, extensive lagoons and two coral islands. It is also a world-renowned diving site. | ||
| Ujung Kulon National Park | BantenandLampung,Indonesia 6°45′S105°20′E | Natural: (vii), (x) | 78,525 (194,040) | 1991 | This national park, located in the extreme south-western tip of Java on the Sunda shelf, includes the Ujung Kulon peninsula and several offshore islands and encompasses the natural reserve of Krakatoa. In addition to its natural beauty and geological interest – particularly for the study of inland volcanoes – it contains the largest remaining area of lowland rainforests in the Java plain. Several species of endangered plants and animals can be found there, the Javan rhinoceros being the most seriously under threat. | ||
| Vat Phou and Associated Ancient Settlements within the Champasak Cultural Landscape | Champasak Province,Laos 14°50′54″N105°49′20″E | Cultural: (iii), (iv), (vi) | 39,000 (96,000) | 2001 | The Champasak cultural landscape, including the Vat Phou Temple complex, is a remarkably well-preserved planned landscape more than 1,000 years old. It was shaped to express the Hindu vision of the relationship between nature and humanity, using an axis from mountain top to river bank to lay out a geometric pattern of temples, shrines and waterworks extending over some 10km. Two planned cities on the banks of the Mekong River are also part of the site, as well as Phou Kao mountain. The whole represents a development ranging from the 5th to 15th centuries, mainly associated with the Khmer Empire. | ||
| Tràng An Scenic Landscape Complex | Ninh Binh Province,Vietnam 20°15′24″N105°53′47″E | Mixed: (v), (vii), (viii) | 2014 | Trang An Scenic Landscape Complex (Viet Nam) is inscribed as a mixed natural and cultural property. Situated on the southern shore of the Red River delta, Trang An is a spectacular landscape of limestone karst peaks permeated with valleys, some of which are submerged, and surrounded by steep, almost vertical cliffs. Exploration of some of the highest altitude caves that are dotted across the landscape has revealed archaeological traces of human activity dating back almost 30 000 years. They illustrate the occupation of these mountains by hunter-gatherers and how they adapted to climatic and environmental changes. The property also includes Hoa Lu, the old capital of Viet Nam in the 10th and 11th centuries, as well as temples, pagodas, paddy-field landscapes, with villages and sacred sites. |
