基本介紹
- 中文名：動詞
- 英文名：verb
動詞的分類,助動詞,主動詞,動詞的時,一般現在時的用法,一般過去時的用法,動詞的體,現在進行體的用法,過去進行體的用法,現在完成體和現在完成進行體的用法,過去完成體和過去完成進行體的用法,
動詞的分類
英語動詞按其在構成動詞詞組中所起的作用分為主動詞(Main Verb)和助動詞(Auxiliary)兩大類。動詞詞組是以主動詞為中心詞的詞組，它可以僅由一個主動詞構成，這叫做簡單動詞詞組(Simple Verb Phrase)。例如：
He buys lemonade every time he goes shopping
The workers received a raise last year.
動詞詞組也可由一個或一個以上的助動詞加主動詞構成，這叫做複雜動詞詞組(Complex Verb Phrase)。例如：
She is visiting Copenhagen.
They have been taking music lessons.
You should have read the book.
He needn't have been waiting in the rain.
由上述諸例可以看出，主動詞構成動詞詞組的語義核心，它表示動詞詞組的基本意義，因此，主動詞又叫“實義動詞”(Notional Verb)。
助動詞的語法功能是協助主動詞表示不同的語法意義或情態意義，比如表示某一動作正在進行或已經完成，“應該”做某事或“不應該”做某事等意義。
助動詞
- 基本助動詞
I am listening to a Beethoven symphony.
The students were praised by the principal.
助動詞do通常用來協助主動詞表示否定意義或構成疑問句：
My wife doesn't know Russian.
What did she give to Halleck for his birthday?
助動詞do還可用來加重語氣：
I do think you'll have a hard job convincing him.
You do look well.
He did annoy everyone that evening.
Do come and join us.
助動詞have通常用來協助主動詞構成完成體或完成進行體：
Joan has seen that movie.
I have been working here for 20 years.
- 情態助動詞
情態助動詞共有14個，其中包括一些過去時形式。它們是can/could,may/might,will/would,
shall/should,must,ought to,dare/dared,need,used to。.情態助動詞表示情態意義，其過去時形
式並不一定就表示過去時間。情態助動詞不能重疊使用；隨後的主動詞無一例外地是不帶to的不定式即動詞原形。例如：
It may snow before nightfall.
Brenda grew up in Naples.She must know how to speak Italian.
Stainless steel will resist corrosion.
Would you let me use your pen a minute?
When I lived at Del Mar,I used to take a long walk along the footpath under the pine trees.
If she became a movie star,she could afford a new home.
- 半助動詞
從形態上看，半助動詞可分為三類：一類是以be為其中心成分；一類是以have為其中心成分；一類是以seem等為其中心成分。從能否與it...that-clause結構進行轉換看，又可分為兩小類：第一小類不可與it...that句型轉換，而第二小類可作這樣的轉換。列表如下：
第一小類 | 第二小類 |
|---|---|
be about to | be certain to |
be able to | be (un)likely to |
be apt to | appear to |
be bound to | chance to |
be due to | happen to |
be going to | seem to |
be liable to | tum out to,etc |
be obliged to | |
be supposed to | |
be sure to | |
be to | |
be willing to | |
had better /best | |
have to | |
have got to | |
come to | |
fail to | |
get to | |
tend to,etc |
例如：
Cast iron(生鐵)is apt to break.
You are bound to succeed.
We are all liable to make mistakes occasionally.
James will be obliged to resign.
I was to have seen him last Wednesday but he didn't come
How did you come to know where she is living?
He never fails to write to his mother every week.
How did you get to know that I was here?
You'd better be working harder when the boss comes back.
I thought I'd best have your opinion first.
He is certain to come.
Are we likely to amive on time?
He is unlikely to win the race.
He appears to have many friends.
I chanced to be out when she called.
She happened to be met in the street by the boy.
Things far off seem to be small.
It tumed out to be a fine day.
以上最後數例的半助動詞屬於第二小類，它們都能與It...that-clause互相轉換：
It is lkely/unlikely that they will succeed.
→They are likely/unlikely to succeed.
It appears that he has many friends here.
→He appears to have many friends here.
It seems that he is enjoying himself.
→He seoms to be enjoying himself.
It happens that I have had some nasty experiences in dealing with him.
→I happen to have had some nasty experiences in dealing with him.
- 助動詞的縮略形式
英語有以下24個助動詞能有縮略形式(Contracted Form)：
am,is,are,was,were,have,has,had,do,does,did,shall,should,will,would,can,could,may,might,must,ought(to),need,dare,used(to)
a)否定縮略形式
上述24個限定動詞除去am not的疑問形式需用aren't()替代而外，其餘23個都有各自的否定縮略形式：
茲各舉一例如下：
I'm late,aren't 1?
We aren't ready yet.
He isn't going anywhere tonight.
He wasn't home last night.
They weren't out of town last week.
They havent had time to get there.
He hasn't written again,has he?
I hadn't got a penny in my pocket.
I don't often do things like that.
She doesn't like it.
He didh't see her till this week.
We shan't go.
They won't be here next week.
You shouldn't smoke so much.
John wouln't do a thing like that!
He can't do it.
I couldn't swim a year ago.
They mayn't like it.
It mightn't be true.
You mustn't pick the flowers in the park.
I needh't have gone to the station.
John daren't go back alone.
You usedn't to worry about things like that.
有些否定句式能有兩種縮略形式可供選擇：
She isn't coming here alone.
She's not coming here alone.
否定疑問句既能用否定縮略形式，也能用非縮略形式。試比較：
Haven't we seen this film before?
Have we not seen this film before?
但含義有所不同：用否定縮略形式通常帶有肯定與否定雙重意向；用非縮略否定形式通常帶有否定意向。
b)肯定縮略形式
上述二十四個限定動詞只有以下十個能有肯定縮略形式：
例子
下面介紹一下肯定縮略形式與其他詞語的常見搭配現象。
第一，與人稱代詞搭配。例如：
I'm a student.
She's been away for months.
We're playing bridge this evening.
I'tell him.
It's raining.
They'have to come home.
I've got a lot of things to tell you.
He'd gone when I arrived.
He said you'd had a car accident.
I'd be grateful if you'd lend me your car
They'd stay in this hotel if it was cheaper.
t's和ts同音異義，不能混淆。試比較：
The cat is licking its tail;it's not licking its paw.
he's,she's,it's=heis/he has,she is/she has,itis/it has,需從上下文予以判別。試比較：
He's here.(is)
it's been snowing since midnight.(has)
I'd既可表示should,would,也可表示had,讀音相同，需從上下文予以判別。試比較：
I'd finished before he came.(had)
We'd better hurry up.(had)
They'd prefer to go now,but we'd rather go later this evening.(would,would)
We'd have come if you'd asked us.(should/would,had)
第二，與名詞詞組搭配。例如：
Mary's coming tomorrow evening.
Anna'be going to London.
That chid's sitting in the middle of the road.
The manager'see you soon.
Canada's got enormous forests.
The camera'd been stolen.
My fhiend's opened a new hotel.
The book'd be useful.
The roads're good.
The guests've all gone.
The teachers of English're coming.
The boys with the top marks've got prizes.
第三，與指示代詞、不定代詞、物主代詞搭配。例如：
That's fine.
Something's got to be done.
This'l do.
Nobody'l/do that for you.
That'd be much better.
Mine's blue;yours is red.
One's enough.
第四，與存在句引導詞there搭配。例如：
There's a lot to do.
There's been a farm here for centuries.
There've been too many accidents at this comer.
There'/be a new film next week.
She wondered if there'd been a mistake.
He thought there'd be an answer by tomorrow.
地點副詞here/there也常與's(=is)搭配。例如：
Here's your cup.
There's your car.
Here's your bicycle and there's mine.
第五，與疑問詞搭配。例如：
How's your father?
Who's here?
hat's happening？
Why's he coming?
What're you doing?
What'l/you have to drink?
When's the race going to start?
Who'd have believed it?
Where've they gone to?
主動詞
英語的主動詞可從以下不同角度進行分類。
- 及物動詞、不及物動詞、連繫動詞
a)及物動詞
及物動詞之後須帶賓語(Object)。只帶一個賓語的及物動詞叫做“單賓及物動詞”(MonotransitiveVerb)。例如：
John is playing cricket.
Mark researched his topic thoroughly.
有些及物動詞可帶雙賓語，即間接賓語(Indirect Object)和直接賓語(Direct Object)。能帶雙賓語的及物動詞叫做“雙賓及物動詞”(Ditransitive Verb)。例如：
The new lamp gave us more light.
Celeste paid me a compliment.
有些及物動詞在一定上下文中須帶賓語和賓語補語(Object Complement)。此類及物動詞叫做“復賓及物動詞”(Complex-transitive Verb)。例如：
The jury found the defender not guilty.
You should keep the room clean all the time.
有些及物動詞在一定上下文中不僅須帶賓語，而且賓語之後還須帶狀語。例如：
The Chinese treat older people with great respect.
I put the book on the shelf.
b)不及物動詞
不及物動詞之後不須帶賓語。例如：
The president is speaking.
The hunter suddenly stopped.He heard a noise in the bushes.
但是，有些不及物動詞在一定上下文中，其後須帶狀語，否則意義不完全。例如：
Betty and Sue have lived in Atlanta since 1975.
Daffodils blbom in early spring.
Frank cheats at poker.
The musician performs in Boston next month.
c)連繫動詞
連繫動詞之後須帶主語補語(Subject Complement)。例如：
The capital of the United States was once New York City.
When did you become suspicious?
The puddle got bigger the more it rained.
That sounds like a good idea.
She is now feeling much better.
The photograph measures 8 by 10 inches.
The fish smels awful.
以上三類動詞的劃分並不是絕對的，許多動詞都有跨類現象：在一種上下文中是及物動詞，在另一種上下文中卻是不及物動詞或連繫動詞。例如：
The fish is fresh from water.You don't have to smell it.
The milk is going bad.It smells.
This dish smells delicious.
smll在以上第一例中是及物動詞，在第二例中是不及物動詞，而在第三例中則是連繫動詞。
- 動態動詞與靜態動詞
a)動態動詞
動態動詞，按辭彙意義，又可分為3個小類：一是表示持續動作的動詞，如drink,eat,fly,play,rain,read,run,sit,stand,sleep,talk,watch,write,work等。這類動詞既可用於非進行體，也可用於進行體。例如：
She works at a chemical factory.
She has been working there for a long time.
They talked and falked until midnight.
They were talking about the house.
二是表示改變或移動的動詞，如arrive,become,change,come,get,go,grow,leave,reach,tun等。這類動詞也是既可用於非進行體，也可用於進行體。例如：
Winter is here.The leaves of the trees are tuming yellow.
I tumned my head and saw the profile of a man.
The weather is changing for the better.
Shanghai has changed a lot in the past 10 years.
三是表示短暫動作的動詞，如hit,jump,kick,knock,open/close(a door),put(something on the
table),shut,take out等。這類動詞可用一般現在時表示說話時正在進行的短暫動作，若用進行體則表示短暫動作的不斷重複。例如：
(舞台說明)The old man stops at a house and knocks at the door.
Who is knocking at the door?
這類動詞若用一般過去時，則表示發生在過去的一次性短暫動作，若用過去進行體，也表示短暫動作的不斷重複。例如：
He opened the door and ran out of the house.
He was opening and clasing the door to make sure that it worked properly.
b)靜態動詞
靜態動詞表示存在於現時或過去的一種狀態。這種動詞的最主要語法特徵就是通常用於非進行體，若用進行體，通常會引起語義的改變。這類動詞，按辭彙意義，又可分為4小類：第一類是用作主動詞的be和have(作“有”解)。例如：
Jim is a teacher,but 20 years ago he was a soldier.
We have friends all over the world.
第二類是含有靜態動詞be和have意義的動詞，如apply to(適用於)，belong to,differ from,cost,
weigh,measure,fit(適合)，hold(可容納)，lack,resemble等。例如：
This rule applles to (is applicable to)everyone.
This house belongs to my brother (is my brother's property).
French differs from (is different from)English in having gender for all nouns.
The auditorium holds (has a capacity for)2000 people.
第三類是表示感覺的動詞，如feel,hear,see,smel,taste等。例如：
She doesn't hear very well.
I(can)see the snow-capped peaks of the distant mountains.
The material fee/s soft.
The roses smel/fragrant.
I(can)faste pepper in the soup.It tasfes hot.
第四類是表示心理或情感狀態的動詞，如assume,believe,consider(=think),detest,fear,hate,
hope,imagine,know,like,love,mean,mind,notice,prefer,regret,remember,suppose,
think,understand,want,wish等。例如：
I belleve we have met before.
Jim knows Chinese.
We understand your difficulty.
How I wish I could visit the Grand Canyon!
如前所述，靜態動詞的最主要語法特徵是不用於進行體，若用進行體往往會改變含義，即變成了動態動詞。例如：
He is being foolish (is acting foolishly).
We're having a wonderful time (are enjoying ourselves).
又例如某些屬於第二類的靜態動詞，一旦用於進行體也就變成了動態動詞。比較：
He resembles his father.
He is resembling his father (is becoming more and more like his father)as the years go by.
This camera costs 140 dollars.
This mistake is casting us dearly (is bringing great injury to us).
又例如，當表示感覺的動詞用於表示主動含義時，便是動態動詞。比較：
I (can)feel a pin in it somewhere.I'm feeling (摸)this cushion.
I(can)taste pepper in it.I'm tasting this soup.
see和hear用於進行體也通常改變意義。例如：
I am heaning (＝attending)lectures at the university.
He is seeing (＝visiting)the sights.
但是，表示肉體感覺的動詞，如ache,feel,hurt等，用進行體和不用進行體均可，含義不變。例如：
My foot aches/is aching.
I don't feel/am not feeling very tired.
表示心理或情感狀態的動詞用於進行體時通常改變含義：
Be quiet.I'm thinking (giving thought to a problem)
Surely you're imagining things (entertaining or indulging yourself with illusions)
Now you're understanding (beginning to understand)this a little better.
但在口語中，間或也有用進行體而不改變含義的情況。例如：
How do you like this hot weather?/How are you liking this hot weather?
還有少數幾個動詞用進行體表示婉轉口氣的用法也屬於這一類情況。例如：
Ware you wanting to see me?
I'm hoping you'll look after the children for us.
- 單詞動詞與詞組動詞
英語主動詞，按其構成，可分為單詞動詞(Single-word Verb)和詞組動詞(Phrasal Verb.)。單詞動詞是由一個單詞構成的動詞，如walk,take,beautify,modernize,enable,embody等。前一節所舉諸例，基本上都是單詞動詞。本節著重介紹詞組動詞。詞組動詞指由兩個或兩個以上單詞構成的動詞。這種動詞主要分為以下三類：
a)動詞+介詞
由動詞+介詞構成的動詞詞項曾叫做“介詞動詞”，為了簡化術語，後統稱為“詞組動詞”。由動詞+介詞構成的詞組動詞數量很大，茲略舉數例如下：
He couldn't account for （解釋）his long absence from school.
I agree with（與…看法一致）you on that point..
She doesn't agree to(同意)my proposal.
His comments amount to(等於)treason.
When his father died,Jim came into (繼承)a fortune.
In the valley we came across （碰到）a group of Mexicans.
It is the job of the police to get after criminals
If you go about （追捕）it in the right way,you'll soon get it finished.
If I were you,I would go for(爭取)that job.
The police are looking into(調查)the case.
They didn't look after （照顧）the children properly.
Can we rely on(信賴)this old car to get us there?
When the child's pleas didn't work,he resorted to （訴諸）tears.
If you are too busy,I'll see about （料理）train tickets.
Who is seeing to （料理）the arrangements for the next meeting?
hy do you take me for(把…當做)a fool?
Before long he had taken to(愛上)a girl student in his class.
b)動詞+副詞小品詞
在這一類詞組動詞中的副詞並不起修飾作用，所以又叫“副詞小品詞”。例如：
The plane blew up （爆炸）when it was hit by a missile.
The Sino-Japanese War broke out(爆發)in1937.
The boy was well brought up(教養).
We are going to bring up（提出）some important problems to discuss at the meeting.
The traffic to the beach started to build up （增長）at noon.
The meeting has been called off(取消).
After just a few minutes she suddenly came to(甦醒過來).
Ne will carry on(繼續)our conversation tomorrow.
The plan has been satisfactorily camied out (貫徹)
The question of what time to be there never came up (發生)
Some new problems cropped up （冒出）at the last minute.
This paper comes out(出版)once a week.
Can you figure out(想出)a way to do it?
I can't figure out(理解)why he said that.
He flared up(發脾氣)at me when I advised him to give up smoking.
The firm had to lay of(解僱)100men.
They are quarrelling and making up （和好）by tumns.
We must do all we can to make up （彌補）the economic losses.
Ve could hardly make out(理解)what she meant.
My investment in these stocks had really paid off(贏利).
Uncle Herman passed away(去世)many years ago.
She is not really that way.She is just putting on(裝模作樣).
Take the watch apart （拆開）and see if you can see what's wrong with it.
Even the most experienced eye may be faken in(受騙上當)on certain occasions..
We have decided to take on （僱傭）a new clerk in the accounts department.
Our firm fook over （接管）2 fruit packing companies last year.
C)動詞+副詞小品詞+介詞
這類動詞詞項曾叫做“詞組介詞動詞”，後來也是僅作為詞組動詞的一種。例如：
Vill this enthusiasm camy over to(持續到)the next week?
I finally caught on to（理解） what she was talking about.
Idon't want to come down with（染上）the flu again.
My nephew often comes out with（說出） the cleverest remarks.
I will have to fill in for (頂替)Wally until he gets back.
Put the food where the cat can't get around to/at(夠得到).
How could he get away with(得逞)cheating?
My wife is always getting on at （責怪）me for not keeping the room clean.
I've got on to （想出）a good idea for increasing production.
The children didn't quite get on to （理解）what the teacher was saying.
Ne don't go in for(喜歡)that kind of thing,
I can't go through with（完成）the performance.'m so nervous.
His English is not good enough for him to keep up with(跟上)the rest of the class.
I couldn't put up with(忍受)the noise any longer.
The children are looking forward to （盼望）the holiday.
We all look up to （尊敬）Roger.He's authoritative but kind.
Ve should not look down on(看不起)their humble food.
You must make up for(彌補)the omission.
I will own up to(承認)my mistakes.
You could be more convincing if you didn't talk down to(對.…大言不慚地說話)your audience.
以上三類詞組動詞都是一些固定搭配，相當於一個及物的或不及物的單詞動詞，因而又稱為“成語動詞”(Verbal Idiom)。
還要注意其他一些屬於成語性質的固定搭配。這類搭配在有些語法著作中也歸入“詞組動詞”之列。
這類詞組動詞有的是“動詞+名詞+介詞”，相當於一個及物動詞，如make fun of(取笑)，make the most of(充分利用)，make a mess of(把…弄髒、弄糟)，take care of(照顧，照料)，take advantage of(利用)等：有的是“動詞+名詞”，相當於一個不及物動詞，如change hands(易手，過戶)，take effect(生效)，take root(紮根)，take place(發生)等。例如：
She soon realized that she was being made fun of.
You should make the most of the opportunity to improve your English.
She indulged in luxury and made a mess of her life.
I will take care of your children when you are away.
They are taking full advantage of the favourable situation to increase exports.
The house has changed hands several times.
In a few minutes the medicine will take effect.
Very soon the seeds germinated and took root.
His ideas have taken root in the minds of his followers.
When did the accident take place?
- 規則動詞與不規則動詞
大多數動詞的過去時和-ed分詞都是在原形之後加詞尾-ed構成（如intend/intended/intended,study/studied/studied,stop/stopped/stopped）,這類動詞叫做規則動詞(Regular Verb)。有一些動詞不以加詞尾-ed的方式構成過去時和-ed分詞（如cut/cut/cut,build/built/built,begin/began/begun),這類動詞叫不規則動詞(Irregular Verb)。
現代英語的絕大多數動詞是規則動詞，新近增添的動詞一般也都是規則動詞。現有的不規則動詞總數不過二百多個。這些不規則動詞分為三種類型：
第一類不規則動詞的特點是它們的三個主要形式（即原形、過去時、-ed分詞）同形。例如：
第二類不規則動詞的特點是它們的過去時與-ed分詞同形。例如：
第三類不規則動詞的特點是它們的三個主要形式都不相同。例如：
動詞的時
時(Tense)是個語法範疇，它是表示時間區別的動詞形式。這就是說，“時”和“時間”既是聯繫的，又是有區別的。“時間”(Tim)是個普遍的概念，不管什麼膚色和種族的人都有“過去”、“現在”、“將來”的時間概念，然而表達這種時間概念的語言手段卻隨著語言的不同而各異。
比如法語動詞有“過去時”、“現在時”和“將來時”以分別表示過去、現在、將來的時間概念，而英語動詞自“古英語”(Old English)以來卻只有“現在時”和“過去時”，而沒有“將來時”，這就是說，英語並沒有發展出一種獨特的、能與“現在時”和“過去時”平起平坐的專一表示“將來”的動詞形式——“將來時”。
在現代英語中，能用以表示“將來”的語法手段是多種多樣的，但其中沒有哪一種堪稱專職的“將來時”。而漢語根本不是通過動詞形式的變化來表示時間的區別。比如我們可以說，“我過去是、現在是、將來永遠是您的貼心人。”這是通過其他手段來表示時間概念，至於“是”字卻沒有任何的形態變化。這就是說，不同語言之間既有共性，又有個性。
一般現在時的用法
一般現在時指未與進行體或完成體相結合的現在時形式，它的用法比較嚴格地受動詞辭彙意義的制約。一般現在時通常表示下列意義。
- 表示不受時限的客觀存在
所謂不受時間限制的客觀存在包括客觀真理、格言、科學事實及其他不受時限的事實。例如：
The earth rotates on its axis.
Hydrogen is the lightest element.
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
London stands on the River Thames.
- 表示現在習慣動作
所謂現在習慣動作指現在經常發生的動作，一般現在時常用來表示現在時間裡某種動作的經常性和習慣性。例如：
Percy often goes to his office by underground ()
Father doesn't smoke
He always sleeps with his windows open.
Mary usually leams languages very quickly,but she doesn't seem to be able to leam modern Greek.
上述用法的一般現在時常與頻度副詞連用。常見的頻度副詞有always,ever,frequently,hardly ever,never,occasionally,often,rarely,seldom,sometimes,usually等。頻度副詞通常位於主動詞之前，如果主動詞是be則通常位於其後，也可為了強調而位於其前。試比較：
The students (always)are always on time for class.
She (sometimes)is sometimes a little angry with him.
He hardly ever makes a mistake when he writes.
We rarely go hiking when it rains.
注意，hardly ever的含義是almost never;rarely的含義是not usually.。以此類推，not ever=never;not always sometimes it is the case and sometimes it is not;not often seldom,等等。
- 表示現時狀態和現在瞬間動作
用一般現在時表示的現時狀態通常都帶有一定的持續性，因此只適用於靜態動詞。例如：
Someone's at the door,Carol.
What's the matter with you?You look pale.
What do you think,Jane?
用一般現在時表示的現在瞬間的動作通常只適用於表示短暫動作的動態動詞。這種動作轉瞬即逝，幾乎與說話時間同時起訖，甚至話音未落動作已經完成。一般現在時的此類用法叫做“瞬間現在時”(Instantaneous Present)。例如用在對快速體育運動的實況報導中：Harper passes the ball to Jennings;Jennings shoots and the goalkeeper leaps for it but yes,it's a goal.
這一用法也常見於戲法表演、技術操作表演等的解說詞中。例如：
(Conjuror:Look,I take this card from the pack and place it under the handkerchief-so.
(Demonstrator:Now I put the cake mixture into this bowl and add a drop of vanilla essence.
也常見於一些專門用語或日常用語中。例如：
I declare the meeting open..(會議主持人的正式用語)
I wish you all a happy New Year.
上述專門用語或日常用語一般都用第一人稱。可作類似用法的動詞還有agree,apologize,deny,name,object,promise,say,sentence,suggest,sympathize.
- 表示將來時間
關於一般現在時表示將來時間的用法，將在第15講介紹將來時間表示法時集中處理。這裡簡單介紹三種句型：
第一種句型是在I hope,Ibet等後面的that-分句中可用一般現在時表示將來時間。例如：
I hope you have a good time.
I hope she likes the flowers.
在上述that分句中，you have a good time=you will have a good time;she likes the flowers=she will like the1 f lowers,兩者可以交替使用。又例如：
I bet it rains tomorrow.
=..it will rain tomorrow.
這與上述I hope+that-分句的情形是相同的。
常用一般現在時表示將來時間的第二種句型是see(toit)/make sure/make certain+that-分句。例如：
I'll see(to it)/make sure make certain (that)you don'f gef /ost.
在這裡，you don't get lost也是用一般現在時表示將來時間。
常用一般現在時表示將來時間的第三種句型是由if/when引導的條件分句和時間分句。例如：
Will you go and help to get in the crops when the harvest time comes?
If it is fine tomorrow,we will go to the countryside.
這裡的comes和is不能改用will come和x will be。
- 表示過去時間
能用一般現在時表示過去時間的動詞有tell,say,hear,learn,gather等。例如：
Alice fells me you're entering college next year.
I hear poor old Mrs Smith has lost her son.
這裡的tells和hear在含義上替代了told和heard,以及has told和have heard。當然，一般現在時作為一種修辭手法也可用在敘事文或新聞報導中追述往事以增進描述的生動性和真實感，這就是所謂的“歷史性現在時”(Historic Present)。例如：
..I was just dozing off in front of the television when my wife nshes in shouting that the kitchen is on fire.
I slept for an hour this aftemoon and came up to the wardroom(軍艦上的軍官餐斤)about3:30 for tea.It /s a strange feeling,realising that you are soon to be in action(投入戰鬥).There is no way of avoiding it and no particular way for me to get ready for it.Writing last letters is just nonsense.
一般過去時的用法
一般過去時是未與進行體或完成體相結合的過去時形式，可用於：
- 表示過去時間
一般過去時主要用來表示在特定過去時間中一次完成的動作或一度存在的狀態。例如：
We visifed a factory last Friday.
He left ten minutes ago.
This town was once a beauty spot.
Before liberation we lved in Beijing for five years.
一般過去時所表示的過去時間都與現在時間不發生關係。因此，用一般過去時表示的動作或狀態都已成為過去，現已不復存在。比較：
His father was an English teacher all his life.(父親已死)
His father has been an English teacher all his life.(父親還活著)
He lved in Shanghai for 20 years.(現已不住上海了)
He has lived in Shanghai for20 years.(可能還住在上海，也可能剛搬走)
- 表示過去習慣動作和一度存在的狀態
一般過去時還可表示過去的習慣性動作。例如：
In those days they sowed wheat by hand.
He worked in a bank all his life.
The boy sold newspapers for a living.
He has given up smoking,but a year ago he smoked 100 cigarettes a week.
表示過去習慣動作和一度存在的狀態，還可用used to/would-+不定式。例如：
There used to be an old temple at the comer of the street,but it was destroyed in the war and
has never been rebuilt.
He used to smoke a lot,but he has long given up smoking.
used to的否定形式一般是usedn't(讀作"ju:snt/)to。例如：
He used to live in Shanghai,usedn't he?
在否定陳述句或否定疑問句中，用didn't use to或usedn'tto均可：
He didn't use to smoke cigarettes.
He usedn't to smoke cigarettes.
Didn't Maria use to be interested in the theatre?
L Usedn't Maria to be interested in the theatre?
在肯定疑問句中也可有兩種形式：
Used you to go to the same school as Edward?
Did you use to go to the same school as Edward?
used to與would均可表示過去習慣，因此往往可以交替使用。例如：
When we were children,we used to/would go skating every winter.
所不同的是：would只可與動態動詞連用，而used to則既可與動態動詞也可與靜態動詞連用；would表示過去習慣通常用於正式語體，而used to則不受此限。
- 表示現在時間和將來時間
一般過去時還可用在特定句型中表示現在時間和將來時間，表示婉轉口氣或作想像性用法。這主要用於下列情況：
第一種情況是表示婉轉口氣。例如：
A:Did you want me?
B:Yes,I wondered if you could give me some help.
上述句子也能用一般現在時表示，但口氣不如用一般過去時婉轉。這一用法只限於want,wonder,
think,hope等少數幾個動詞。
第二種情況是在It's time.,I wish.,I'd rather.等結構後面的that-分句中，以及在某些條件句中，表示主觀構想。例如：
It's time you had a holiday.
I wish you lived closer to us.
If only he didn't dnve so fast!
上述三例表示與現在事實相反的主觀構想。又例如：
If I had the money now,I'd buy a car.
If you went at about five o'clock tomorrow,you could see him before he left the office.
I'd rather you went now.
A:Shall I open a window?
B:I'd rather you didn't.
上述四例用一般過去時是表示與現在事實相反或者表示對將來事態的主觀構想。注意，以上各例中的斜體詞都不能改用一般現在時。又例如：
Suppose they didn't belleve it,how should we convince them?
Suppose Father saw you do that,what would he say?
Suppose we spent next week in Brighton?
He looks as if he was sick.
上述後兩例可用一般現在時替代，但色彩和含義略有不同。第3例表示“建議”，用一般過去時比用一般現在時口氣更為婉轉。第4例中的was=虛擬式were,屬於“虛構”含義，即“似乎病了”，實際未病，如果改用一般現在時s,則表示“事實”，含義是“看上去似乎真的病了”。以上是一般現在時和一般過去時的一些主要用法。下面兩側練習要求在動詞的現在時和過去時形式之間慎加選擇。
動詞的體
現在進行體的用法
現在進行體是由助動詞be的現在時形式(am,is,are)加-ing分詞構成。現在進行體可用於：
1)表示說話時正在進行的動作
表示現在在做什麼，通常要用現在進行體；能用於進行體的動詞一般都是表示持續動作的動態動詞。
例如：
A:What are you doing?
B:I'm writing a letter.
Hurry up!We're all waiting for you.
要注意現在進行體的這一用法與一般現在時的區別。用一般現在時往往帶有長久的含義，而用現在進行體
則表示暫時的含義。比較：
He lives in Shanghai..(指長久住在上海)
He3 now living in Shanghai..(指暫時住在上海)
The Garden Bridge arosses the Suzhou Creek near the Shanghai Mansions.(不受時間限制)
Our bus is now crossing the Garden Bridge.(暫時經過)
2)表示現階段一直在進行的動作
現在進行體也可表示現階段一直在進行的動作；這種動作在說話時不一定正在進行。例如：
Jane is studying law while her sister is doing physics.
I teach English at the Teachers'College,but I'm now teaching in a middle school.
現在進行體的這一用法也表示一種暫時性。例如上述第二例用一般現在時表示一種長期的工作崗位，而用
現在進行體則表示現階段正在做的事。又例如：
He works in a chemical factory.(經常性工作)
He is working in a chemical factory these days.(臨時性工作)
現在進行體常與always,continually,constantly,for ever等頻度狀語連用，對現階段經常發生的動作
表示某種感情色彩。例如：
You are continually finding fault with me.
Joyce is constantly complaining that she is not properly paid.
She's always borrowing money and forgetting to pay me back.
The postman is a/ways putting your letters into my letter-box.
現在進行體的這一用法與一般現在時的區別在於後者只是說明事實，而前者則帶有感情色彩，並且多半表
示說話人的不滿情緒。比較：
She complains about the house.(說明事實)
She3 constantty complaining about the house.(表示說話人對“She”的行為的反感和厭煩)
當然，這種結構在特定上下文中也可能不帶感情色彩，頻度狀語僅起強調作用。例如：
Healthy and happy children are alays playing.
在這裡，always只是強調玩耍動作的反覆出現。
3)表示按計畫安排近期內即將發生的動作
這是現在進行體表示將來時間的用法。這種將來事態通常都是按照現在的計畫安排近期內即將發生。
例如：
Mr Cameron is /eaving China in a few weeks.
I'm going to Qingdao for the summer holiday.
We are meeting him after the performance.
They are bu仍ing Bross tomorrow with a big military funeral(盛大的軍事葬禮).
When is Mr Manning taking his holiday?
現在進行體表示將來時間的用法還常見於某些時間狀語分句和條件狀語分句中。例如：
I'll think about it while you're wnting the report.
When you are talking with him,take care not to mention this
If you are st婦nding at the comer,l'll give you a lift(讓你搭車)into town.
注意，用現在進行體表示將來時間，在句中或在上下文中通常有表示將來時間的狀語或其他依據，否則意
義便會含糊不清。比較：
Are you doing anything special fonight?(表示將來)
Are you doing anything special now?(表示說話時正在進行的動作)
Are you doing anything special?(可作以上兩種解釋，依上下文而定)
4)現在進行體的其他用法
除作以上用法外，現在進行體還可用於：
a)表示剛剛過去的動作，例如：
You don't believe it?You know I'm telling the truth.
I don't know what you are talking about.
用現在進行體表示剛剛過去的動作只適用於口語中某些表示說話的動詞，如tell,talk,say,exaggerate
等。
b)表示婉轉口氣。例如：
I'm hoping you'll give us some advice.
I'm wondening if I may have a word with you.
現在進行體的這一用法只限於hope,wonder等少數幾個動詞。用I'm hoping比用I hope口氣要婉轉一
些，這種婉轉口氣是同現在進行體所表示的動作的暫時性、不確定性伴隨而來的。
綜上所述，可以看出，能用於現在進行體的動詞通常都是表示動作的動詞，特別是表示持續動作的動
詞，如work,study,live等；表示短暫動作的動詞，如shoot,put,place,jump,nod,wink等，通
常以一般現在時表示現在發生的短暫動作，即在前一講中提到的現在瞬間的動作。試觀察：
Jennings shoots and -yes,it's a goal.The crowd are cheening and the other players are
running up to congratulate him.
I place the test tube over the flames;now you can see that the liquid is beginning to change
colour.
過去進行體的用法
過去進行體是由助動詞be的過去時形式(was,were)加ing分詞構成。過去進行體的用法與現在進
行體的用法有不少相似之處，只是時間向過去推移而已。過去進行體可用於：
)表示過去某時正在進行的動作
過去進行體作這一用法時，通常也都要把時間狀語表示出來，或者通過上下文把時間關係暗示出來。
這種時間狀語可以表示過去某一時刻正在進行的動作。例如：
What were you doing yesterday at seven p.m.?
When I went downstairs,they were already eating breakfast.
也可表示過去某一階段一直在進行的動作。例如：
From1983to1988,he was teaching at Yale(耶魯大學).
They were building a dam last winter.
基於過去進行體的上述用法，人們常在口語中和記敘文中首先用過去進行體表示某種正在進行的動作
為背景，並由此引出用一般過去時表示的新的事態或情節。例如：
I was talking to the librarian this morning,and he said we had to retum all the reference books
before Saturday.
The students were still /aughing when the teacher stepped in.
下面是一則寓言：
A thirsty Ant was climbing down a blade of grass that grew beside a spring.She was trying
to reach the water so she could take a drink.Unluckily she slipped and fell into the spring.
Now a Dove was sitting on a branch over the water.She saw the Ant fall in and was filled with
pity.Quick as a wink she pulled off a leaf and let it fall into the spring.The little raft settled down on
the water right beside the drowning Ant.The Ant climbed on the leaf and was soon safe on shore
again.
But what did she see?Hidden behind a bush,a hunter was spreading his net.He was going
to catch the Dove."No!"the grateful Ant said."You shall not take the bird that saved my life!"
And with all her might she bit the hunter on his bare foot.With a cry the hunter dropped his net,
and the Dove flew away to the wood.One good tum deserves another.
2)表示過去某種習慣性動作
過去進行體所表示的習慣動作通常是指過去某一階段暫時性的習慣。例如：
George was getting up at five every day that week.
這句話的含義是，George平時起得沒有那么早，只是在那一周當中，他每天五時起床。這句話的上下文
可能是：
In those days,George used to get up at nine,but that week he was getting up at five every day.
過去進行體也可與always,constantly,continually,for ever等狀語連用表示感情色彩。例如：
My brother was always losing his keys.
Alice was constantly changing her clothes.
過去進行體的這種用法，和現在進行體的相套用法一樣，通常表示說話人對某種行為的厭煩等不滿情緒。
當然，用在上述結構中的頻度狀語也有僅起強調作用，而不帶感情色彩的。例如：
I remember my grandfather was always smoking a cigar.
3)表示過去將來時間裡的動作
過去進行體在一定上下文中也可表示按照計畫安排即將發生的過去將來事態。例如：
They were leaving a few days later.
The summer vacation was drawing near,but nobody knew where they were going for the holiday.
過去進行體用在某些時間狀語和條件狀語分句中還可表示過去將來時間正在進行的動作。例如：
He promised not to mention this when he was talkaing to her.
He told me to wake him up if he was sleeping
4)表示現在時間和將來時間裡的動作
過去進行體的這種用法是為了表示婉轉口氣以及表示某種臆想的、非真實的情況。
a)表示婉轉口氣
用過去進行體表示婉轉口氣只限於hope,want,wonder等動詞，主要用來表示有禮貌的請求。例如：
I was wondening/wondered if you'd like to come out with me one evening.
I was hoping/hoped you could send me some books.
在這裡，用一般過去時也是表示客氣的請求，但用過去進行體更加婉轉，更加有禮貌。試比較下列諸句的
婉轉程度：
I hope you can send me some books.
I hoped you could send me some books
I am hoping you can send me some books.
I was hoping you could send me some books
以上四例只有婉轉程度的區別，而沒有時間關係的差異。這四種動詞形式都表示現在的請求。
b)表示主觀臆想的情況
過去進行體這一用法僅限於某些固定結構。例如：
I wish they were not talking so loudly.
I'd rather you were going at once.
Would you stay a little longer,if you were enioying yourself?
If they were leaving tonight,I'd like to go with them.
It is time we were leaving.
在上述第1例和第5例中，過去進行體表示現在時間；在第2-4例中，則表示將來時間。過去進行體的這一
用法通常可與一般過去時交換使用，意義沒有區別。例如：
I wish we were going /went.
It's time we were leaving/left.
5)過去進行體與一般過去時用法比較
下面進一步比較過去進行體和一般過去時的用法。
)表示已完成的動作用一般過去時，表示未完成的動作用過去進行體。例如：
I was reading a novel yesterday.(未讀完)
I read a novel yesterday..(已讀完)
They were building a dam last winter..(在建造中)
They built a dam last winter.(建造好了)
D)一般過去時通常只說明過去某時發生某事，而過去進行體則側重在動作的持續時間，而不僅
是說明事實。例如：
It rained/was raining all night.
He worked/was working all through the night.
在上述兩例中，用一般過去時和過去進行體都可以，意義無甚差別，只是用過去進行體更加突出時間持續之久。
c)當一般過去時與過去進行體同時出現在句中時，通常是表示較短的動作用一般過去時，表示
較長的動作用過去進行體。例如：
While I was dictating a letter to my secretary,my wife rang.
I broke a glass while I was cooking the dinner.
I was running downstairs when I slipped and fell.
The pupils were talking noisily when the teacher stepped in.
d)在口語中，說話人表示所談內容是隨便的，非故意的，或者無一定目的性，常用過去進行體：
I was talking to Margaret the other day.
I was hearing John had got a new job.
上述兩例也可改用一般過去時，比如I talked to Margaret the other day,但給人的印象是我主動找她談
了話，與原句含義略有出入。
)注意一般過去時和過去進行體表示的動作的時間順序，比較：
When we amived,she was making some fresh coffee.
When we amved,she made some fresh coffee.
前一例表示到達時她正在煮咖啡，後一例表示到達以後她才煮咖啡。後一例中的when=after,前後兩
個動作表示先後性，並非同時性，正因為如此，後一例也可以改為When we had arrived she made some
fresh coffee,含義與原句相同。
現在完成體和現在完成進行體的用法
分述如下：
)現在完成體的用法
現在完成體（由have/has+-ed分詞構成）有兩個主要用法，即“已完成”用法和“未完成”用法。
“已完成”用法是指動作或過程發生在說話之前某個沒有明確說出的過去時間（常指最近的過去時間），現
在已經完成了，並與現在的情況有聯繫。例如：
He's tumed off the light.(含義是：燈在一個過去時間被關掉，說話時仍然關著。)
“未完成”用法是指動作或狀態從過去某時開始，繼續到現在，還可能繼續下去，也可能鋼剛剛結束。例如：
He's lived here since1960.(含義是：他從1960年來到這裡居住，至今還住在這裡，偶爾也可根據上
下文理解為剛剛搬走。)
這兩種用法的主要區別在於：“已完成”用法通常不與表示一段時間的狀語連用，而“未完成”用法通常都
要與表示一段時間的狀語連用。
2)現在完成進行體的用法
現在完成進行體由have/has been+-ing分詞構成。它的主要用法與現在完成體的“未完成”用法
相仿。例如：
I've been wniting letters for an hour (and I've still got some more to do)
I've been sitting in the garden (and have just come indoors).
上述第一例說明動作還將繼續下去，第二例說明動作在說話時刻之前剛剛結束。
現在完成體和現在完成進行體有時可以互換使用，含義無甚差別。例如：
We've been living here for ten years.
We've /ived here for ten years.
但是，由於現在完成進行體還帶有進行體的持續性、暫時性和未完成性的含義，有時就不可以與現在完成
體互換使用。比較：
Who's been eating my dinner?
Who's eaten my dinner?
前一例的含義是“還有些剩下”，後一例則表示“全給吃光了”，含義不同。
3)現在完成（進行）體與過去時用法比較
上述現在完成體和現在完成進行體的用法，不論其動作或狀態在說話時已經完成還是延續到說話時刻
並可能繼續下去，都與現在時間有聯繫。如果與現在時間沒有聯繫，那就要用一般過去時或過去進行體。
比較：
His sister has been an invalid all her life.(含義是：她現在還活著。)
His sister was an invalid all her life.（含義是：她現在已經死了。)
He has lived in China for ten years.(含義是：他可能還住在中國，也可能剛剛離開中國。)
He lived in China for ten years.(含義是：他現在已不在中國。)
同樣地，如果用了與現在時間沒有聯繫的確定的時間狀語，也要用一般過去時或過去進行體。比較：
I've been all over Africa
I went all over Africa in 1965.
"You look tired."-"Yes,I've been working non-stop all day.
“You look tired.”-“Yes,I was working non-stop until seven o'clock."
“Have you found that letter yet?”一“Yes,I found it when I tidied my drawer."
下面一則練習要求將括弧中的動詞用現在完成體或現在完成進行體填入空格，有些動詞只能用一種形
式，有些動詞可以用兩種形式，或含義相同，或含義不同。
過去完成體和過去完成進行體的用法
分述如下：
)過去完成體的用法
過去完成體由had+-ed分詞構成。它的主要用法同現在完成體一樣也有兩個，即“已完成”用法和
“未完成”用法。不同的是，過去完成體把時間推移到過去某一時間之前，與現在時間不發生聯繫。過去
完成體的“已完成”用法表示一個動作或狀態在過去某時之前已經完成或結束。例如：
Tom flew home,but his father had already died.
I had wnitten the article when they came.
He knew he had met her before.
過去完成體的“未完成”用法表示一個動作或狀態在過去某時之前已經開始，一直延續到這一過去時間，
而且到那時還未結束，仍有繼續下去的可能性。例如：
By six o'clock they had worked twelve hours.
She said that she had made much progress since she came here.
In 1960,I'd known him for ten years;I met him for the first time in 1950.
2)過去完成進行體的用法
過去完成進行體由had been+-ing分詞構成。它的主要用法與現在完成進行體的用法相仿，只是時
間推移到了過去。例如：
I'd been working for some time when he called.
We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.
I realized that I'd been overworking,so I decided to take a couple of days off.
How long had it been raining before you shut the window?
有時過去完成進行體和過去完成體可以替換使用。比較：
I'd been working for three hours when he called.
I'd worked for three hours when he called.
在兩者均可的情況下，口語中傾向於用過去完成進行體。
3)在由when/before/after/until等連詞引導的分句中過去完成體的用法
when,before,after,until等從U屬連詞，在用於兩個先後發生的事態時，往往可以互換使用。例如：
When I reached the station,the train had already left.
I reached the station after the train had left.
I didn't reach the station uni/(after)the train had left.
The train had left before I reached the station.
上述諸例中的兩個先後動作，通常一個動作用一般過去時表示，另一個動作用過去完成體表示。由於連詞
before和after本身已體現動作的先後性，所以也能用兩個一般過去時。比較：
The train (had)/eft before I reached the station.
After the teacher (had)left the room,the children started talking.
也可以在以before引導的時間狀語分句中用過去完成體，以強調動作的未實現或未完成。例如：
He offered me a drink before I had taken off my coat.
He arrived before I had finished my lunch.
能同時使用兩個過去完成體的場合極少，下面帶有由by the time引導的時間狀語分句的句子是少數例外
中的一個：
By the time I(had)recovered from the shock,he had disappeared.
但多半還是一個用一般過去時，另一個用過去完成體。例如：
We had got everything ready by the time they amved.
By the time I got downstairs,the telephone had stopped ringing
4)過去完成體的想像性用法
過去完成體用在某些結構中可表示與過去事態相反的主觀構想。
a)用於由if,if only,asif引導的分句中：
If Bemard had walked faster,everything would have been all right.
I felt as if I had known her all my life.
If only you had tod me before.
b)用於I wish,'d rather等結構後面的that分句中：
I wish I had said that I couldn't come.
I would rather you had told her the truth.
c)用於expect,think,intend,mean(=intend),want,suppose等動詞表示過去未曾實現的
希望、打算或意圖：
I had hoped that we would be able to leave tomorrow,but it's beginning to look difficult.
I had intended to make a cake,but I ran out of time.
下面一則練習要求在兩段文字中填入動詞的一般過去時或過去進行體，過去完成體或過去完成進行
體，注意有時應作詞序調整。
