一九八一年負笈美國西密士根大學,獲碩士學位。一九八八年再考獲俄亥俄州立大學博士學位。論文是:"Indigenizing the state : the New Economic Policy and the bumiputera state in Penisular Malaysia" 。畢業後,曾在美國西維琴利亞大學和吉隆坡拉曼學院任教。一九九零起受聘於新加坡國立大學政治系至今,現為政治系高級講師。
7、"Reinventing the Bureaucracy" Malaysia's New Administrative Reforms Initiatives," The Journal of Comparative Asian Development, Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 2002, pp. 87-104.
8、"Modernizacao, Globalizacao e reforma Do Setor Publico em Cingapura e na Malasia: Uma Analise Comparativa," ("Modernization, Globalization and Public Sector Reform in Singapore and Malaysia: A Comparative Analysis,") Cadernos Ademauer (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Volume IV, Number 4, 2003.
9、"Singapore: Campaigning for the Future," in Daljit Singh and Lorraine Salazar (eds.), Southeast Asian Affairs 2007, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2007, pp. 297-308.