cast-128算法

完整的加密算法分下面四步給出。輸入:明文m1...m64;密鑰K=k1...k128輸出:密文c1...c641)(密鑰表)從K計算出16對子鑰(Kmi,Kri)(參見2.1到2.4節);2)(L0,R0)

目錄,簡介,算法的描述,循環密鑰對,不同的循環,置換箱,密鑰表,掩碼子鑰與旋轉子鑰,可變的密鑰長度,CAST5對象標識符,使用CAST-128算法的加密和解密,討論,概述,智慧財產權的問題,安全性的問題,附錄A置換箱,附錄B測試向量,相關文章,

目錄

1 簡介 1
2 算法的描述 2
2.1 循環密鑰對 2
2.2 不同的循環 2
2.3 置換箱(SubstitutionBoxes) 3
2.4 密鑰表 3
2.4.1.掩碼子鑰與旋轉子鑰 4
2.5 可變的密鑰長度 5
2.6 CAST5對象標識符 5
2.7 討論 6
3 智慧財產權的問題 6
4 安全性的問題 6
5 參考 6
6 作者地址 7
7 附錄A置換箱(S-Boxes) 7
8 附錄B.測試向量 13

簡介

本文檔描述了CAST-128加密算法,這是一種類似於DES的置換組合網路
(Substitution-PermutationNetwork,SPN)加密系統,對於微分密碼分析、線性密碼分析、
密碼相關分析具有較好的抵抗力。這種加密還有其他的幾個理想的特點,包括雪崩、嚴格的
雪崩標準(SAC)、位獨立標準(BIC)、沒有互補屬性也不存在軟弱或者半軟弱的密鑰。因
此對於整個Internet社區——要求密碼強壯、容易獲取的加密算法——而言,這是一種能夠
滿足一般套用的很好的選擇。
Adams[Adams]詳細地討論了CAST設計過程,對於這種算法的分析也可以在網上找到
(比如,[Web1]或[Web2])。

算法的描述

循環密鑰對

CAST-128在每次循環中使用以對子鑰:32位量Km作為“掩碼”,5位量Kr用作“旋
轉碼”。

不同的循環

CAST-128使用三種不同的循環函式,如下所示(其中“D”是輸入函式f的數據,“Ia”
到“Id”分別表示I中從高到低的4個位元組)。注意“+”和“-”是以2**32為模的加減法,
“^”是位異或,“<<<”表示循環左移操作。
Type1:I=((Kmi+D)<<<Kri)
f=((S1[Ia]^S2[Ib])-S3[Ic])+S4[Id]
Type2:I=((Kmi^D)<<<Kri)
f=((S1[Ia]-S2[Ib])+S3[Ic])^S4[Id]
Type3:I=((Kmi-D)<<<Kri)
f=((S1[Ia]+S2[Ib])^S3[Ic])-S4[Id]
循環1、4、7、10、13和16使用f函式Type1;
循環2、5、8、11和14使用f函式Type2;
循環3、6、9、12和15使用f函式Type3。

置換箱

(SubstitutionBoxes)
CAST-128使用8個置換箱:置換箱(s-box)S1、S2、S3和S4是循環置換箱,S5、S6、
S7和S8是密鑰表置換箱。儘管8個置換箱總共需要8K位元組的記憶體,但是要注意在實際加
密/解密過程中只需要4K位元組,因為子鑰的產生通常在輸入數據之前就完成了。
置換箱S1-S8的內容參見附錄A。

密鑰表

假設128位的密鑰是x0x1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9xAxBxCxDxExF,其中x0是最高位的位元組,
xF是最低位的位元組。
令z0…zF是中間(臨時)位元組。
令S表示置換箱i,“^”代表異或加。
按照下述公式從密鑰x0x1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9xAxBxCxDxExF生成子鑰:
z0z1z2z3=x0x1x2x3^S5[xD]^S6[xF]^S7[xC]^S8[xE]^S7[x8]
z4z5z6z7=x8x9xAxB^S5[z0]^S6[z2]^S7[z1]^S8[z3]^S8[xA]
z8z9zAzB=xCxDxExF^S5[z7]^S6[z6]^S7[z5]^S8[z4]^S5[x9]
zCzDzEzF=x4x5x6x7^S5[zA]^S6[z9]^S7[zB]^S8[z8]^S6[xB]
K1=S5[z8]^S6[z9]^S7[z7]^S8[z6]^S5[z2]
K2=S5[zA]^S6[zB]^S7[z5]^S8[z4]^S6[z6]
K3=S5[zC]^S6[zD]^S7[z3]^S8[z2]^S7[z9]
K4=S5[zE]^S6[zF]^S7[z1]^S8[z0]^S8[zC]
x0x1x2x3=z8z9zAzB^S5[z5]^S6[z7]^S7[z4]^S8[z6]^S7[z0]
x4x5x6x7=z0z1z2z3^S5[x0]^S6[x2]^S7[x1]^S8[x3]^S8[z2]
x8x9xAxB=z4z5z6z7^S5[x7]^S6[x6]^S7[x5]^S8[x4]^S5[z1]
xCxDxExF=zCzDzEzF^S5[xA]^S6[x9]^S7[xB]^S8[x8]^S6[z3]
K5=S5[x3]^S6[x2]^S7[xC]^S8[xD]^S5[x8]
K6=S5[x1]^S6[x0]^S7[xE]^S8[xF]^S6[xD]
K7=S5[x7]^S6[x6]^S7[x8]^S8[x9]^S7[x3]
K8=S5[x5]^S6[x4]^S7[xA]^S8[xB]^S8[x7]
z0z1z2z3=x0x1x2x3^S5[xD]^S6[xF]^S7[xC]^S8[xE]^S7[x8]
z4z5z6z7=x8x9xAxB^S5[z0]^S6[z2]^S7[z1]^S8[z3]^S8[xA]
z8z9zAzB=xCxDxExF^S5[z7]^S6[z6]^S7[z5]^S8[z4]^S5[x9]
zCzDzEzF=x4x5x6x7^S5[zA]^S6[z9]^S7[zB]^S8[z8]^S6[xB]
K9=S5[z3]^S6[z2]^S7[zC]^S8[zD]^S5[z9]
K10=S5[z1]^S6[z0]^S7[zE]^S8[zF]^S6[zC]
K11=S5[z7]^S6[z6]^S7[z8]^S8[z9]^S7[z2]
K12=S5[z5]^S6[z4]^S7[zA]^S8[zB]^S8[z6]
x0x1x2x3=z8z9zAzB^S5[z5]^S6[z7]^S7[z4]^S8[z6]^S7[z0]
x4x5x6x7=z0z1z2z3^S5[x0]^S6[x2]^S7[x1]^S8[x3]^S8[z2]
x8x9xAxB=z4z5z6z7^S5[x7]^S6[x6]^S7[x5]^S8[x4]^S5[z1]
xCxDxExF=zCzDzEzF^S5[xA]^S6[x9]^S7[xB]^S8[x8]^S6[z3]
K13=S5[x8]^S6[x9]^S7[x7]^S8[x6]^S5[x3]
K14=S5[xA]^S6[xB]^S7[x5]^S8[x4]^S6[x7]
K15=S5[xC]^S6[xD]^S7[x3]^S8[x2]^S7[x8]
K16=S5[xE]^S6[xF]^S7[x1]^S8[x0]^S8[xD]
[剩下的一半與上面給出的一樣,從最後生成的x0..xF產生密鑰K17-K32。]
z0z1z2z3=x0x1x2x3^S5[xD]^S6[xF]^S7[xC]^S8[xE]^S7[x8]
z4z5z6z7=x8x9xAxB^S5[z0]^S6[z2]^S7[z1]^S8[z3]^S8[xA]
z8z9zAzB=xCxDxExF^S5[z7]^S6[z6]^S7[z5]^S8[z4]^S5[x9]
zCzDzEzF=x4x5x6x7^S5[zA]^S6[z9]^S7[zB]^S8[z8]^S6[xB]
K17=S5[z8]^S6[z9]^S7[z7]^S8[z6]^S5[z2]
K18=S5[zA]^S6[zB]^S7[z5]^S8[z4]^S6[z6]
K19=S5[zC]^S6[zD]^S7[z3]^S8[z2]^S7[z9]
K20=S5[zE]^S6[zF]^S7[z1]^S8[z0]^S8[zC]
x0x1x2x3=z8z9zAzB^S5[z5]^S6[z7]^S7[z4]^S8[z6]^S7[z0]
x4x5x6x7=z0z1z2z3^S5[x0]^S6[x2]^S7[x1]^S8[x3]^S8[z2]
x8x9xAxB=z4z5z6z7^S5[x7]^S6[x6]^S7[x5]^S8[x4]^S5[z1]
xCxDxExF=zCzDzEzF^S5[xA]^S6[x9]^S7[xB]^S8[x8]^S6[z3]
K21=S5[x3]^S6[x2]^S7[xC]^S8[xD]^S5[x8]
K22=S5[x1]^S6[x0]^S7[xE]^S8[xF]^S6[xD]
K23=S5[x7]^S6[x6]^S7[x8]^S8[x9]^S7[x3]
K24=S5[x5]^S6[x4]^S7[xA]^S8[xB]^S8[x7]
z0z1z2z3=x0x1x2x3^S5[xD]^S6[xF]^S7[xC]^S8[xE]^S7[x8]
z4z5z6z7=x8x9xAxB^S5[z0]^S6[z2]^S7[z1]^S8[z3]^S8[xA]
z8z9zAzB=xCxDxExF^S5[z7]^S6[z6]^S7[z5]^S8[z4]^S5[x9]
zCzDzEzF=x4x5x6x7^S5[zA]^S6[z9]^S7[zB]^S8[z8]^S6[xB]
K25=S5[z3]^S6[z2]^S7[zC]^S8[zD]^S5[z9]
K26=S5[z1]^S6[z0]^S7[zE]^S8[zF]^S6[zC]
K27=S5[z7]^S6[z6]^S7[z8]^S8[z9]^S7[z2]
K28=S5[z5]^S6[z4]^S7[zA]^S8[zB]^S8[z6]
x0x1x2x3=z8z9zAzB^S5[z5]^S6[z7]^S7[z4]^S8[z6]^S7[z0]
x4x5x6x7=z0z1z2z3^S5[x0]^S6[x2]^S7[x1]^S8[x3]^S8[z2]
x8x9xAxB=z4z5z6z7^S5[x7]^S6[x6]^S7[x5]^S8[x4]^S5[z1]
xCxDxExF=zCzDzEzF^S5[xA]^S6[x9]^S7[xB]^S8[x8]^S6[z3]
K29=S5[x8]^S6[x9]^S7[x7]^S8[x6]^S5[x3]
K30=S5[xA]^S6[xB]^S7[x5]^S8[x4]^S6[x7]
K31=S5[xC]^S6[xD]^S7[x3]^S8[x2]^S7[x8]
K32=S5[xE]^S6[xF]^S7[x1]^S8[x0]^S8[xD]

掩碼子鑰與旋轉子鑰

令Km1,...,Km16為32位的掩碼子鑰(每次循環使用一個);
令Kr1,…,Kr16為32位的旋轉子鑰(每次循環使用一個,只是用最低的5位);
for(i=1;i<=16;i++){Kmi=Ki;Kri=K16+i;}

可變的密鑰長度

CAST-128加密算法被設計為密碼長度是可變的,從40位到128位,每次遞增8位(就
是說,密碼長度可以是40、48、56、64…112、120、128位)。對於不同的密碼長度,分別
採用不同的規範:
1) 密碼長度從40到80(含80),按照上述算法操作,但是採用12循環而不是16。
2) 如果密碼長度大於80位,採用完整的16次循環。
3) 如果密碼長度小於128位,則在最低位補0直到128位(因為CAST-128密鑰表假
定輸入的密碼是128位的。)
儘管CAST-128支持上述12種長度的密碼,但在典型的套用中發現40、64、80和128
位是最有用的密碼長度。因此,只要支持這四種長度的子集對於大多數套用就足夠了。
為了避免在使用不同的密碼長度操作時發生混淆,CAST-128被認為與名CAST5是同
義的,這樣在後面加上密碼長度就不會發生歧義了。這樣,比方說使用40位密碼的CAST-128
就被表示為CAST5-40;如果明確地使用128位密碼,應該使用名稱CAST5-128。

CAST5對象標識符

如果需要在協定中的算法協商中,或者其它需要使用對象標識符的上下文中使用
CAST,可以使用以下定義的OID。
algorithmsOBJECTIDENTIFIER::=
{iso(1)memberBody(2)usa(840)nt(113533)nsn(7)algorithms(66)}
cast5CBCOBJECTIDENTIFIER::={algorithmscast5CBC(10)}
Parameters::=SEQUENCE{
ivOCTETSTRINGDEFAULT0,--Initializationvector
keyLengthINTEGER--Keylength,inbits
}
注意:iv是可選的,默認為全0。在編碼後,如果使用全0的iv,那么該參數不
應該出現在參數中。解碼後,如果iv沒有出現在參數列表中,應該解釋為該參數全部
位元組都是0。

使用CAST-128算法的加密和解密

下面是使用CAST-128對稱塊密碼算法的CBC模式的加密和解密。
cast5MACOBJECTIDENTIFIER::={algorithmscast5MAC(11)}
Parameters::=SEQUENCE{
macLengthINTEGER,--MAClength,inbits
keyLengthINTEGER--Keylength,inbits
}
下面是使用CAST-128對稱塊密碼算法的訊息驗證。
pbeWithMD5AndCast5CBCOBJECTIDENTIFIER::=
{algorithmspbeWithMD5AndCAST5-CBC(12)}
Parameters::=SEQUENCE{
saltOCTETSTRING,
iterationCountINTEGER,--Totalnumberofhashiterations
keyLengthINTEGER--Keylength,inbits
}
注意:IV是從哈希過程派生的,因此不必放在參數中。
這是以CBC模式使用MD5和CAST-128對稱塊密碼的基於密碼的加密和解密。關於
PBE計算的詳細資訊參見PKCS#5(它使用了DES密碼)。

討論

概述

CAST-128是一種12或16循環的Feistel密碼,塊長度是64位,密碼長度最大128位;
它使用旋轉實現對線性和微分分析的內在免疫性;在循環函式中混合使用XOR、模為2**32
的加減法;在加密過程中使用三種不同的循環函式。最後,循環函式中使用的8x32置換箱,
每一個最小的非線性為74,而且不同的分配表中最大項是2。
按照其密碼長度(128)而言,這種加密是很強大的,而且具有很好的加密/解密效率,
在150MHz的奔騰處理器上每秒可以處理3.3M位元組。

智慧財產權的問題

本文檔描述的CAST-128加密算法可以在世界範圍內免費用於商業和非商業用途。

安全性的問題

本備忘錄完全是關於安全性的,它描述了一種算法專門用於加密的目的。

附錄A置換箱

(S-Boxes)
S-BoxS1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-BoxS2
1f201094ef0ba75b69e3cf7e393f4380fe61cf7aeec5207a55889c9472fc0651
ada7ef794e1d7235d55a63cede0436ba99c430ef5f0c079418dcdb7da1d6eff3
a0b52f7b59e83605ee15b094e9ffd909dc440086ef944459ba83ccb3e0c3cdfb
d1da41813b092ab1f997f1c1a5e6cf7b01420ddbe4e7ef5b25a1ff41e180f806
1fc41080179bee7ad37ac6a9fe5830a498de8b7f77e83f4e7992926924fa9f7b
e113c85bacc40083d7503525f7ea615f621431540d554b635d681121c866c359
3d63cf73cee234c0d4d87e875c672b21071f618139f7627f361e3084e4eb573b
602f64a4d63acd9c1bbc46359e81032d2701f50c99847ab4a0e3df79ba6cf38c
108430942537a95ef46f6ffea1ff3b1f208cfb6a8f458c74d9e0a2274ec73a34
fc884f693e4de8dfef0e00883559648d8a45388c1d804366721d9bfda58684bb
e8256333844e8212128d8098fed33fb4ce280ae127e19ba5d5a6c252e49754bd
c5d655ddeb66706477840b4da1b6a80184db26a9e0b5671421f043b7e5d05860
54f03084066ff472a31aa153dadc4755b5625dbf68561be683ca6b942d6ed23b
eccf01dba6d3d0bab6803d5caf77a70933b4a34c397bc8d65ee22b955f0e5304
81ed6f6120e74364b45e1378de18639b881ca122b96726d18049a7e822b7da7b
5e552d255272d23779d2951cc60d894c488cb4021ba4fe5ba4b09f6b1ca815cf
a20c30058871df63b9de2fcb0cc6c9e90beeff53e3214517b45428359f63293c
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aa12e4f287451c0fe0f6a27a3ada48194cf1764f0d771c2b67cdb156350d8384
5938fa0f42399ef336997b070e84093d4aa93e618360d87b1fa98b0c1149382c
e97625a50614d1b70e25244b0c768347589e8d820d2059d1a466bb1ef8da0a82
04f19130ba6e4ec0992651641ee7230d50b2ad80eaee68018db2a283ea8bf59e

附錄B測試向量

該附錄為本文描述的CAST-128加密提供測試向量。
B.1.單獨的明文-密碼-密文集
為了保證算法的正確實現,可以使用下面的測試向量(使用十六進制符號表示)進行驗
證。
128-bitkey=0123456712345678234567893456789A
plaintext=0123456789ABCDEF
ciphertext=238B4FE5847E44B2
80-bitkey=01234567123456782345
=01234567123456782345000000000000
plaintext=0123456789ABCDEF
ciphertext=EB6A711A2C02271B
40-bitkey=0123456712
=01234567120000000000000000000000
plaintext=0123456789ABCDEF
ciphertext=7AC816D16E9B302E
B.2.完整的維護性測試
CAST-128的維護性測試被定義為驗證實現的正確性。它使用如下的偽代碼表示,其中
a和b是128位的向量,aL和bL是a左右兩部分,bL和bR是b的左右兩部分,enrypt(d,k)
是塊對於密碼k以ECB模式的加密。
Initiala=0123456712345678234567893456789A(hex)
Initialb=0123456712345678234567893456789A(hex)
do1,000,000times
{
aL=encrypt(aL,b)
aR=encrypt(aR,b)
bL=encrypt(bL,a)
bR=encrypt(bR,a)
}
Verifya==EEA9D0A249FD3BA6B3436FB89D6DCA92(hex)
Verifyb==B2C95EB00C31AD7180AC05B8E83D696E(hex)

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