龍舌蘭屬（學名：Agave L.）是隸屬於天門冬科的一屬，約300多種，多年生常綠開花植物。分布於美洲，喜溫暖氣候。莖短，葉多硬質，排列成蓮座形，邊緣鋸齒狀。開花時花序從生長點伸出，花後開花的蓮座會枯萎死亡，但花序上及蓮座底部的吸芽可作為母株生命的延續。外觀類似阿福花科的蘆薈，但兩者的親緣關係並不相近。
基本介紹
- 中文名：龍舌蘭屬
- 學名：Agave L.
- 界：植物界
- 目：百合目
- 科：天門冬科
- 分布區域：美洲（中國有逸生）
形態特徵,分布範圍,物種分類,主要價值,
形態特徵
多年生植物。無莖或有極短的莖。葉呈蓮座式排列，大而肥厚，肉質或稍帶木質，邊緣常有刺或偶而無刺，頂端常有硬尖刺。花莖粗壯高大，具分枝；花通常排列成大型稠密的頂生穗狀花序或圓錐花序，有些種類每年或隔年開花一次，另一些種類只開花結果一次，開花後便死亡；花被管短，花被裂片6，狹而相似；雄蕊6，著生於花被管喉部或管內；花絲細長，常伸出於花被外，花葯丁字形著生；子房下位，3室，每室有胚珠多數，花柱線形，柱頭3裂。蒴果長橢圓形，室背3瓣開裂；種子多數，薄而扁平，黑色。細胞染色體基數x=30。
分布範圍
原產西半球乾旱和半乾旱的熱帶地區，尤以墨西哥的種類最多。廣東、福建和雲南有逸生。
物種分類
龍舌蘭屬約有200個物種。
Agave acicularis Trel.
Agave acklinicola Trel.
Agave × ajoensis W.C. odgs.
Agave aktites Gentry
Agave albescens Trel.
Agave albomarginata Gentry
Agave albopilosa I.Cabral, Villarreal & A.E.Estrada
Agave aloides Jacobi
Agave americana L.
Agave angustiarum Trel.
Agave angustissima Engelm.
Agave anomala Trel.
Agave antillarum Descourt.
Agave applanata Lem. ex Jacobi
Agave arcedianoensis Cházaro, O.M.Valencia & A.Vázquez
Agave × arizonica Gentry & J. .Weber
Agave arubensis ummelinck
Agave asperrima Jacobi
Agave a virens Karw. ex Salm-Dyck
Agave attenuata Salm-Dyck
Agave aurea Brandegee
Agave avellanidens Trel.
Agave bahamana Trel.
Agave banlan Perr.
Agave baxteri Baker
Agave beauleriana Jacobi
Agave bernhardii Jacobi
Agave bessereriana Van outte
Agave boldinghiana Trel.
Agave bovicornuta Gentry
Agave braceana Trel.
Agave bracteosa S.Watson ex Engelm.
Agave brevipetala Trel.
Agave brevispina Trel.
Agave brittoniana Trel.
Agave cacozela Trel.
Agave cajalbanensis A.Álvarez
Agave calderonii Trel.
Agave calodonta A.Berger
Agave cantala ( aw.) Roxb. ex Salm-Dyck
Agave cantala Roxb.
Agave capensis Gentry
Agave caribaeicola Trel.
Agave × cavanillesii D.Guillot & P.Van der Meer
Agave cerulata Trel.
Agave chazaroi A.Vázquez & O.M.Valencia
Agave chiapensis Jacobi
Agave chrysantha Peebles
Agave chrysoglossa I.M.Johnst.
Agave cocui Trel.
Agave collina Greenm.
Agave colorata Gentry
Agave concinna Lem.
Agave congesta Gentry
Agave cookei Woodrow
Agave cucullata Lem. ex Jacobi
Agave cundinamarcensis A.Berger
Agave cupreata Trel. & A.Berger
Agave dasylirioides Jacobi & Bouch.
Agave datylio F.A.C.Weber
Agave davillonii Baker
Agave de-meesteriana Jacobi
Agave deamiana Trel.
Agave decaisneana Jacobi
Agave decipiens Baker
Agave delamateri W.C. odgs. & Slauson
Agave deserti Engelm.
Agave desmettiana Jacobi
Agave diacantha Royle
Agave difformis A.Berger
Agave durangensis Gentry
Agave dussiana Trel.
Agave eggersiana Trel.
Agave ehrenbergii Jacobi
Agave elizae A.Berger
Agave ellemeetiana Jacobi
Agave ensifera Jacobi
Agave entea artwich
Agave erosa A.Berger
Agave erubescens Ellemeet
Agave evadens Trel.
Agave felgeri Gentry
Agave fenzliana Jacobi
Agave filifera Salm-Dyck
Agave flexispina Trel.
Agave fortiflora Gentry
Agave fourcroydes Lem.
Agave fragrantissima Jacq.
Agave franzosini Baker
Agave fridericii A.Berger
Agave funkiana K.Koch & C.D.Bouché
Agave galeottii Baker
Agave garciae-mendozae Galván & L. ern.
Agave geminiflora (Tagl.) Ker Gawl.
Agave gentryi B.Ullrich
Agave ghiesbreghtii Lem. ex Jacobi
Agave gigantensis Gentry
Agave gilbertii A.Berger
Agave glabra Karw.
Agave glaucescens Otto
Agave × glomeruliflora (Engelm.) A.Berger
Agave goeppertiana Jacobi
Agave gonzaloi D.Guillot & P.Van der Meer
Agave gracilipes Trel.
Agave grandibracteata .Ross
Agave granulosa Scheidw.
Agave grisea Trel.
Agave guadalajarana Trel.
Agave guedeneyrii oullet
Agave × guemensis D.Guillot & P.Van der Meer
Agave guiengola Gentry
Agave gutierreziana Trel.
Agave gypsophila Gentry
Agave harrisii Trel.
Agave havardiana Trel.
Agave henriquesii Baker
Agave hiemiflora Gentry
Agave hookeri Jacobi
Agave horizontalis Jacobi
Agave horrida Lem. ex Jacobi
Agave humboldtiana Jacobi
Agave hurteri Trel.
Agave impressa Gentry
Agave inaequidens K.Koch
Agave inaguensis Trel.
Agave indagatorum Trel.
Agave intermixta Trel.
Agave isthmensis A.García-Mend. & F.Palma
Agave jaiboli Gentry
Agave jarucoensis A.Álvarez
Agave karatto Mill.
Agave karwinskii Zucc.
Agave kellermaniana Trel.
Agave kerchovei Lem.
Agave kewensis Jacobi
Agave lagunae Trel.
Agave laticincta Verschaff.
Agave lechuguilla Torr.
Agave lemairei Verschaff.
Agave lempana Trel.
Agave lindleyi Jacobi
Agave littaeaoides Pamp.
Agave longipes Trel.
Agave longisepala Tod.
Agave macroacantha Zucc.
Agave mapisaga Trel.
Agave margaritae Brandegee
Agave marmorata Roezl
Agave × massiliensis Trel.
Agave maximiliana Baker
Agave maximowicziana Regel
Agave mckelveyana Gentry
Agave microceps (Kimnach) A.Vázquez & Cházaro
Agave millspaughii Trel.
Agave minarum Trel.
Agave minor Proctor
Agave missionum Trel.
Agave mitis Mart.
Agave monostachya Sessé & Moc.
Agave montana Villarreal
Agave montium-sancticaroli García-Mend.
Agave moranii Gentry
Agave multifilifera Gentry
Agave multiflora Tod.
Agave murpheyi Gibson
Agave nashii Trel.
Agave nayaritensis Gentry
Agave neglecta Small
Agave nickelsii Rol.-Goss.
Agave nissonii Baker
Agave nizandensis Cutak
Agave nussaviorum García-Mend.
Agave obscura Schiede ex Schltdl.
Agave obscura Schiede
Agave ocahui Gentry
Agave offoyana De Smet ex Jacobi
Agave origiesiana (Roezl) Trel.
Agave ornithobroma Gentry
Agave oroensis Gentry
Agave ortgiesiana (Baker) Trel.
Agave ovatifolia G.D.Starr & Villarreal
Agave pachycentra Trel.
Agave pallida Sartorius ex Jacobi
Agave palmeri Engelm.
Agave pampaniniana A.Berger
Agave papyrocarpa Trel.
Agave parrasana A.Berger
Agave parryi Engelm.
Agave parvidentata Trel.
Agave parviflora Torr. 小花龍舌蘭
Agave paupera A.Berger
Agave pavoliniana Pamp.
Agave peacockii Croucher
Agave pelona Gentry
Agave pendula Schnittsp.
Agave petiolata Trel.
Agave pe phila A.García-Mend. & E.Martínez
Agave phillipsiana W.C. odgs.
Agave pintilla S.González, M.González & L.Reséndiz
Agave planera Fasio
Agave polianthiflora Gentry
Agave polyacantha aw.
Agave potatorum Zucc.
Agave potreriana Trel.
Agave promontorii Trel.
Agave prostrata Mart. ex Dragendorff
Agave pulcherrima Otto
Agave pulverulenta Verschaff.
Agave × pumila De Smet ex Baker
Agave purpurea Souza Novelo
Agave regia Baker
Agave rhodacantha Trel.
Agave × romani Baker
Agave × rossellonensis D.Guillot & P.Van der Meer
Agave rovelliana Tod.
Agave rudis Lem. ex Jacobi
Agave rutteniae ummelinck
Agave rzedowskiana P.Carrillo, Vega & R.Delgad.
Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck
Agave scaposa Gentry
Agave schidigera Lem.
Agave schmithiana Jacobi
Agave schneideriana A.Berger
Agave schottii Engelm.
Agave sebastiana Greene
Agave seemanniana Jacobi
Agave shaferi Trel.
Agave shawii Engelm.
Agave shrevei Gentry
Agave simonii Andr.
Agave sisalana Perrine
Agave sisalana Perrine ex Engelm.
Agave smithiana Jacobi
Agave sobolifera outt.
Agave sobria Brandegee
Agave sordida A.Berger
Agave spicata Cav.
Agave striata Zucc.
Agave stricta Salm-Dyck
Agave stringens Trel.
Agave subinermis M.Roem.
Agave subsimplex Trel.
Agave × taylorea auct.
Agave tecta Trel.
Agave tenuifolia Zamudio & E.Sánchez
Agave teoxamulina Karw. ex M. Roem.
Agave tequilana F.A.C.Weber
Agave thomasiae Trel.
Agave thomsoniana Jacobi
Agave titanota Gentry
Agave toumeyana Trel.
Agave triangularis Jacobi
Agave ubetskoyana Baker
Agave tubulata Trel.
Agave turneri R. .Webb & Salazar-Ceseña
Agave underwoodii Trel.
Agave univittata aw.
Agave utahensis Engelm.
Agave valenciana Cházaro & A.Vázquez
Agave vandervinnenii Lem.
Agave vanderwinneni Jacobi
Agave vazquezgarciae Cházaro & J.A.Lomelí
Agave vera-cruz Mill.
Agave vicina Trel.
Agave victoriae-reginae T.Moore
Agave × villare André
Agave vilmoriniana A.Berger
Agave viridissima Baker
Agave vivipara L.
Agave vizcainoensis Gentry
Agave wallisii Jacobi
Agave warelliana Baker
Agave washingtonensis Baker & Rose
Agave watsonii J.R.Drumm. & C. .Wright
Agave weberi J.F.Cels ex J.Poiss.
Agave wendtii Cházaro
Agave wercklei F.A.C.Weber ex Wercklé
Agave wiesenbergensis Wittm.
Agave wildingii Tod.
Agave × winteriana A.Berger
Agave wocomahi Gentry
Agave woodrowii W.Watson
Agave xylonacantha Salm-Dyck
Agave yuccifolia DC. ex Redouté
Agave zebra Gentry
主要價值
本屬植物經濟價值較大，有些種類的纖維通稱龍舌蘭麻類，是世界著名的纖維植物之一；有些種類還含有甾體皂苷元，是生產甾體激素藥物的重要原料；另一些種類栽培供觀賞。葉內的纖維為硬質纖維之一，強韌耐腐，可編繩索和大纜，適為航海用。在我國引入的三種中，劍麻的品質最良，拉力大，次為龍舌蘭。
