非限定性定語從句

非限定性定語從句

定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號分開,將非限定性定語從句放在句子中間,其前後都需要用逗號隔開。

基本介紹

  • 中文名:非限定性定語從句
  • 外文名:non-restrictive/non-defining attributive clauses
  • 相關學科:英語
  • 作用:補充說明
  • 具體先行詞的附加說明
  • 備註:易錯點
  • 特點:它與主句之間通常用逗號分開
分類,who引導,whom引導,whose引導,which引導,when引導,where引導,as引導,特殊結構,引導詞,區別,易錯點,注意事項,從句區別,功能用途,

分類

who引導

Our guide,who was a French Canadian,was an excellent cook.
我們的嚮導,一個法裔加拿大人,是一位優秀的廚師。
My gardener,who is very pessimistic,says that there will be no apples this year.
我家的園丁非常悲觀,他說今年將不結蘋果。

whom引導

關係代詞whom用於指人,在句中作動詞賓語和介詞賓語,作介詞賓語時,介詞可位於句首。
如:Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.
彼得現在回巴黎了,你在倫敦見過他。
Mr Smith,from whom I have learned a lot,is a famous scientist.
史密斯先生是一位著名的科學家,我從他那兒學了許多東西。

whose引導

whose是關係代詞who的所有格形式,在從句中作定語。whose通常指人,也可指動物或無生命的事物。
如:The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.
這個男孩,他的爸爸是一位工程師,學習很努力
Above the trees are the mountains, whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.
在樹林的高處是山,其壯麗的景色完全映照在河面上。
The play,whose style is rigidly formal,is typical of the period.
這劇本是那個時期的典型作品,風格拘謹刻板。

which引導

關係代詞which在非限制性定語從句,中所指代和修飾的可以是主句中的名詞形容詞、短語、其他從句或整個主句,在從句中作主語、動詞賓語、介詞賓語或表語
① which指代主句中的名詞,被指代的名詞包括表示物、嬰兒或動物的名詞、表示單數意義的集體名詞以及表示職業、品格等的名詞。
如:These apple trees,which I planted three years ago,have not borne any fruit.
這些蘋果樹是我三年前栽的,還沒有結過果實。
She is an artist,which I am not.
她是一位藝術家,而我不是。
Water,which is a clear liquid,has many uses.
水是一種清澈的液體,有許多用途。
The two policemen were completely trusted,which in fact they were.
那兩個警察完全受到信任,事實上也確實如此。
② which指代主句中的形容詞。
如:She was very patient towards the children,which her husband seldom was.
她對孩子們很耐心,她丈夫卻很少這樣。
She is always careless,which we should not be.
她總是馬虎大意,我們可不應該這樣。
③ which指代主句中的某個從句
如:He said that he had never seen her before,which was not true.
他說以前從沒見過她,這不是真的。
④ which指代整個主句
如:In the presence of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.
在那么多人面前他有點緊張,這是可以理解的。
He may have acute appendicitis,in which case he will have to be operated on.
他可能得了急性盲腸炎,如果是這樣,他就得動手術。
When deeply absorbed in work,which he often was,he would forget all about eating and sleeping.
他經常聚精會神地工作,這時他會廢寢忘食。

when引導

關係副詞when在非限制性定語從句中作時間狀語,指代主句中表示時間的詞語。
如:He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.
他將把郊遊推遲到5月1號,那時他將有空。

where引導

副詞where在非限制性定語從句中作地點狀語,指代主句中表示地點的詞語。
如:They went to London,where they lived for six months.
他們去了倫敦,在那兒呆了六個月的時間。

as引導

as引出非限定性定語從句時,代替整個主句,對其進行說明但通常用於像as we all know, as it is known, as is known to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非限定性定語從句中作主語、賓語,且引出的從句位置比較靈活,可位於句首或句末,也可置於主句中間。通常均由逗號將其與主句隔開。as有“正如……, 就像……”之意。
如:As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.
美國人都知道,馬克·吐溫是一位偉大的美國作家。(as在從句中作主語)
He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case.
他忘了帶筆,這是常事。(as在從句中作主語)
He is absorbed in work, as he often was.
他正在全神貫注地工作,他過去經常這樣。(as在從句中作表語)
As we all know, the earth is round.
眾所周知,地球是圓的。(as在從句中作賓語)
The two brothers were satisfied with this decision,as was agreed beforehand.
兩兄弟對此決定都滿意,這項決定在事前都已得到他們的同意。(as在從句中作主語)
Taiwan is,as you know,an inseparable part of China.
你知道,台灣是中國不可分割的一部分。(as在從句中作賓語)
as it is known to all (that...) (as 做狀語從句連詞,是狀語從句, 可以加that)
與 as is known to all (as做主語,是定語從句)
與 it is known to all that... (主語從句,it是形式主語)
即:As is widely known, the moon is closer to us than the sun.(定從)
= That the moon is closer to us than the sun is widely known.(主從)
= It is widely known that the moon is closer to us than the sun.(主從)
As it is known to everyone, I thought you knew about it too.(狀從)
關係代詞which有時並不代表主句中某一確定的詞,而是概括整個主句的意思。介詞的選擇取決於它與先行詞的搭配或與從句中謂語動詞的搭配。
They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines,without which the yield would be halved.
他們缺搭葡萄架的桿兒,沒有它們產量會減少一半。
They thanked Tom,without whose support they would not have succeeded.
他們很感激Tom,沒有他的支持他們是不會成功的。
“介詞+關係代詞”引導非限制性定語從句:在介詞後引導非限制性定語從句。

特殊結構

“名詞/代詞+of+which / whom / who "
It now has 20,000 hectares of land,more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation.
現在它擁有兩萬公頃土地,其中三分之二之多已經耕種。
Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300000 kilometer per second.
光是世界上最快的東西,它的速度是每秒30萬千米。
There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.
大廳里有三十把椅子,絕大部分是新的。
The textile mill has over 8,000 workers and staffs,eighty per cent of whomare women.
這家紡織廠有8千多職工,女職工占百分之八十。

引導詞

即“引導定語從句的關係詞”
①引導非限定性定語從句的關係代詞:as,which,who,whom
②引導非限定性定語從句的關係副詞主要有:when,where。
注意
不能用that作為關係代詞的兩種情況:
①非限定性定語從句
②介詞+關係代詞

區別

1、as引導的定語從句可以放在句首、句中和句尾,which引導的定語從句可置於句中或句尾。
2、關係代詞as在限定性定語從句中後跟“be動詞+過去分詞”的被動語態時,be動詞可省略。
3、 as有時也可用作關係代詞 。若as在從句中作主語,其引導的句子可以放在句首或句中。但which引導的非限制性定語從句只能放句中。
4、as有正如…一樣、按照、正像、因為的意思,所以常用於肯定句,而which則用於肯定,否定都可以。
5、在固定結構中使用as 例如:the same … as 、as … as。
例句:
1 Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which , of course, made the others unhappy.(從句部分的意思為:這當然使別人不高興;而不能譯為正如使別人不高興。故用which。)
2 Chongqing is not the same city as we have seen in other places.
重慶和我們在其它地方看過的城市不一樣。

易錯點

1. 引導限制性定語從句時,關係代詞which可以與that互換;但引導非限制性定語從句時,只能用which。
  例1.She heard a terrible noise, ______ frightened her.
A. that B. which C. what D. who
例2.She heard a terrible noise ______ frightened her.
A. that B. / C. what D. who
解析: 例1意為:“她聽到一個可怕的聲音,這使她感到恐懼。”that不能用於引導非限制性定語從句,故選B。例2意為:“她聽到了一個使她恐懼的可怕聲音。”引導修飾noise的限制性定語從句可以用which或that來引導,故選A。

2. 先行詞為reason時,限制性定語可以用why或for which來引導;非限制性定語從句則只能用for which來引導。
  例3.I had told them the reason, ______ I didn’t attend the meeting.
A. for which B. at which C. for whom D. why
例4I had told them the reason ______ I didn’t attend the meeting.
A. when B. which C. why D. for that
解析: 例3意為:“我早已把理由告訴了他們,於是我沒有出席會議。”先行詞為reason時,非限制性定語從句套用for which引導,故選A。例4意為:“我已經把沒有出席會議的原因告訴了他們。”the reason why...是常見搭配,答案為C。

3. 引導限制性定語從句的關係代詞在從句中擔任賓語時可以被省略;但引導非限制性定語從句的關係代詞即使作賓語也不能省略。
例5.He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother,______ he loved and respected as his own mother.
A. as B. which C. / D. whom
解析: 本句意為:“他急於去醫院看望他的繼母,他像對待親生母親一樣孝敬她。”關係代詞whom引導非限制性定語從句並作賓語,不能被省略,故選D。

4.引導限制性定語從句時並作從句賓語的關係代詞whom可以用who來代替;但在非限制性定語從句中,whom就不能用who替換。
  例6. Do you know Tom, _____ we talked about?
A. which B. that C. whom D. who
例7.The American journalist ______ the announcer mentioned in the news broadcast is said to have been killed by the gangsters. Which of the following is wrong?
A. who B. whom C. whose D. /
解析: 例6意為:“你認識湯姆嗎? 我們談到過他。”應選C。例7意為:“播音員在新聞廣播中提到的那位美國記者據說已遭歹徒殺害。下列哪一項是錯誤的?”關係代詞作mentioned的賓語且指人時,可用who/whom/that,在限制性定語從句中可省略,故C是錯的。

5.當非限制性定語從句修飾整個主句時,其關係代詞可以用as 和which,但位於舉句首不能用which,只能用as。此時非限制性定語從句可置於主句之前、之後或之中。
例8______ I expected, he didn’t believe me.
A. Which B. As C. That D. When
解析: 本句意為:“正如我所預料的那樣,他不相信我的話。”非限制性定語從句修飾整個主句,套用as引導,故答案為B。
例9.Mary was late for school,______ often happened.
A. as B. for which C. that D. why
解析: 本句意為:“瑪麗上學遲到了,這是常有的事。”根據句意,關係代詞as引導的非限制性定語從句修飾前面的主句,其位置非常靈活,故答案為A。

6. 由“介詞+關係代詞”引導非限制性定語從句,關係代詞指代整個主句時,不能用as,只能用which,因為有介詞關係。
  例10.He bought the car for more than $20,000,______ his father was angry.
A. about that B. with as C. when D. with which
解析: 本句意為:“他花兩萬多美元買了這輛車,他父親對此很生氣。”which位於介詞with的後面,指代前面的主句,故答案為D。

注意事項

1. which引導的非限定性定語從句是用來說明前面整個句子的情況或主句的某一部分。
2. as有時也可用作關係代詞 。as引導非限制性定語從句,若as在從句中作主語,其引導的句子可以放在句首,也可以放在句中。但which引導的非限制性定語從句只能放句中。
例句:
As is reported in the newspaper ,some artistic treasures(藝術珍品) will be on show at the exhibition (展覽品)on the weekend.
3. 在非限定性定語從句中,關係詞不能用that,和those。

從句區別

1.限定性定語從句:從句不能省略,如果省略整個句子意思不完整。
非限定性定語從句:從句可以省略,如果省略整個句子意思仍然完整。
2.限定性定語從句:先行詞可以用that引導。
非限定性定語從句:先行詞不可以用that引導。
3.限定性定語從句:引導詞有時可以省略。
非限定性定語從句:引導詞不可以省略。
4.限定性定語從句:主句與從句不需要用逗號隔開。
非限定性定語從句:主句與從句需要用逗號隔開。
5.限定性定語從句:從句只修飾先行詞。
非限定性定語從句:從句既可以修飾先行詞,也可以修飾整個句子或句子的一部分。
6.限定性定語從句:不能修飾一個事件。
非限定性定語從句:可以修飾一個事件。

功能用途

限定性定語從句與主句的關係很緊湊,對其先行詞起限定、修飾的作用。如果將其去掉,會影響句子意思的完整性;有時甚至於引起費解、誤解。例如:
1.Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nations in which they are located .
為了加速他們各自所在國家的經濟發展,熱帶雨林作為有價值的原木和其他資源正為人們所砍伐。
2.Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.
洋流影響其流經的附近地區的氣候。
3.They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.
他們向我們解釋為什麼他們不喜歡我們的原因。
非限定性定語從句在形式上就與主句很鬆散,它與主句之間有一個逗點","隔開;它對其先行詞沒有限定、修飾的作用,只起補充、說明的作用。有時也用它來對全句或句中某個成分進行補充、說明。即使將其去掉,也不會影響句子意思。由於上述原因,非限定性定語從句在表達意思方面也有別於限定性定語從句。另外,非限定性定語從句在中文譯文裡,我們往往將其作為一個分句處理,而不把它作定語翻譯。 例如:
Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy .
更早之前,巴比倫人曾試圖繪製世界地圖,但是他們把它繪製成平盤狀而不是托勒密所採用的球體狀。
(此句中,非限定性定語從句是對先行詞a sphere進行補充、說明。)
The combination of satellites, which transmit information , computers , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center .
衛星能傳輸信息,計算機能儲存信息,電視能顯示信息,把這些手段結合起來可以使每個家庭都成為教育娛樂的中心。
(此句中,三個非限定性定語從句分別對三個先行詞:satellites ,computers和television進行補充、說明。如果去掉這三個非限定性定語從句,那么句子可簡化為:The combination of satellites , computers and television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .)
The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .
太陽給予大地熱,這就使植物的生長成為可能。
(此句中,非限定性定語從句是對全句進行補充、說明,將全句表達的意思看成"一件事情)。
The old man has a son , who is in the army .
那位老人有一個兒子,他在部隊工作。
(此句中,非限定性定語從句是對先行詞son進行補充、說明。但本句所傳達的信息是:"這位老人只有一個兒子" 。如果將此句改寫成限定性定語從句:"The old man has a son who is in the army . "那位老人有一個在部隊工作的兒子。那么,限定性定語從句就要對先行詞son進行限定、修飾。這樣一來,句子所傳達的信息就變成了:"這位老人有一個兒子在部隊工作",也就是說可能老人還有其他的兒子在乾別的工作)

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