愛德華·蒙克

愛德華·蒙克

愛德華·蒙克(Edvard Munch,1863年12月12日—1944年1月23日),挪威表現主義畫家、版畫複製匠,現代表現主義繪畫的先驅。

愛德華·蒙克繪畫帶有強烈的主觀性和悲傷壓抑的情調。他對心理苦悶的強烈的,呼喚式的處理手法對20世紀初德國表現主義的成長起了主要的影響,其主要作品有《吶喊》《生命之舞》《卡爾約翰街的夜晚》。

基本介紹

  • 中文名:愛德華·蒙克
  • 外文名:Edvard Munch
  • 國籍挪威
  • 出生地:挪威勒滕
  • 出生日期:1863年12月12日
  • 逝世日期:1944年1月23日
  • 職業:畫家
  • 畢業院校奧斯陸皇家藝術和設計學院
  • 信仰基督教
  • 主要成就:挪威表現主義畫家和版畫複製匠。
    偉大的挪威畫家
    現代表現主義繪畫的先驅。
  • 代表作品:《吶喊》《生命之舞》《卡爾約翰街的夜晚
人物生平,早年經歷,中年經歷,晚年經歷,人物生活,人物影響,歷史發展,思想傳播,主要作品,風格特點,人物評價,

人物生平

早年經歷

1863年12月12日,愛德華·蒙克出生於挪威雷登在奧斯陸長大。愛德華·蒙克的父親患有精神病,他向他的孩子們灌輸了對地獄的根深蒂固的恐懼,他一再告訴他們, 如果他們在任何情況下、以任何方式犯有罪孽,他們就會注定被投入地獄,沒有任何寬恕的機會。1879年 ,愛德華·蒙克為成為一名工程師而進工學院念書受印象主義畫風的影響,然而,頻繁的患病中斷了他的學業。
愛德華·蒙克沉思愛德華·蒙克沉思
1880年,愛德華·蒙克為了成為一名畫家而離開工學院。
1881年,愛德華·蒙克考進了奧斯陸皇家藝術和設計學院,他的老師是雕刻家朱利厄斯·米德爾頓和自然主義畫家克里斯蒂安·克羅格
1885年,愛德華·蒙克前往巴黎。他的作品開始顯示出法國畫家的影響;一開始是印象派,接著是後印象派,然後是新藝術造型。愛德華·蒙克的繪畫儘管風格上是後期印象派的,但在主題上卻是象徵派的,愛德華·蒙克的繪畫內容在於刻畫內心世界而不是外在現實。

中年經歷

1889年改用傳統的畫法創作《病孩》和變體畫《春》,從而獲得獎學金去法國留學,從師L.博納。在法國,他在研究印象主義畫法的基礎上,轉而對後印象主義和納比派發生興趣。他發現線條和色彩有強烈的表現力,試圖用它們畫出活生生的人們,他們的呼吸、感覺、受苦受難並彼此的相愛。
1892年 愛德華·蒙克應邀參加柏林藝術家聯盟在11月份舉行的畫展。愛德華·蒙克的繪畫成了苦澀的爭論對象,畫展在一星期後結束。在柏林,愛德華·蒙克成了一個國際圈子裡的一員,裡面有作家、藝術家和評論家,包括挪威劇作家亨利·易卜生和瑞典戲劇家奧古斯特·史特林堡。愛德華·蒙克為易卜生的幾個劇本設計了布景。
1893年12月,愛德華·蒙克在柏林著名的菩提樹下大街開畫展。和其它作品一起,愛德華·蒙克出展了題為“愛的研究系列”,由六幅畫所組成。這是他此後命名為“生命的飾帶 以 生命、愛情和死亡的詩”組畫的起點。它包括深深地沉浸於大氣的主題《風暴》《月光》和《星夜》。其它主題有揭示愛的陰暗面的,比如《玫瑰與阿美莉》和《吸血鬼》。《病室里的死亡》則以死亡為主題,基於愛德華·蒙克對姐姐蘇菲之死的回憶。
1894年,“生命的飾帶”加進了《焦躁》《灰燼》《聖母》和《女人三階段》作品集。在世紀之交之際,愛德華·蒙克完成了他的“生命的飾帶”組畫系列。

晚年經歷

1908年秋,他的焦慮變得深刻並在丹尼爾·賈可布遜博士的診所住院接受治療。醫院裡施行的休克療法改變了他的個性。
1909年愛德華·蒙克回到挪威,更多地表現出對大自然的興趣,他的作品變得更富於色彩,減少了悲觀的成分。在納粹統治期間,愛德華·蒙克的作品被貼上了“頹廢藝術”的標籤,從德國的各個美術館撤了下來。反納粹主義的愛德華·蒙克來說是很傷心的,因為他把德國看作為他的第二祖國。
1944年1月23日,愛德華·蒙克於奧斯陸附近的艾可利與世長辭。他向奧斯陸捐贈了1000幅油畫,15400張版畫,4500件素描和水彩畫,還有6件雕刻作品。後來為紀念愛德華·蒙克,建造了愛德華·蒙克美術館。

人物生活

愛德華·愛德華·蒙克是畫家雅各布·愛德華·蒙克和歷史學家彼得·安德烈·愛德華·蒙克的親戚。母親勞拉在1868年死於肺結核,母親死後小愛德華·蒙克由父親克里斯蒂安·愛德華·蒙克單獨撫養。父親是位醫生,篤信基督教。幼年喪母,姐姐被肺病奪去生命,妹妹患精神病,童年時代的不幸對其一生的創作有深刻的影響。

人物影響

歷史發展

在當時哲學和美學思潮影響下,他努力發掘人類心靈中的各種狀況,表現疾病、死亡、絕望、情愛等主題。因此,他的創作有“心靈的現實主義”的稱號。由於受到保守勢力的攻擊,很快被封閉,但對德國青年畫家以很大的刺激,推動了表現主義運動的產生。

思想傳播

愛德華·蒙克通過主題來表現他切身經歷的對生存和死亡的感受。每一幅畫都無與倫比地強烈地傳達著畫家的感覺和情緒,被描繪的具體對象的細節被簡化,而情緒則被誇張,對象本身成為一種所要表現的情緒的載體,雖然它們依然還是具象的。這些畫具有永恆的震懾心靈的力量。在這一切的背後,我們還可以看見那個“世紀末”的景象,那種迷途的欲望深淵和無法逃脫的死亡陰影的怪圈,生命的焦躁和無奈交織在一起。愛德華·蒙克作品的驚人表現力量來自於對藝術家內心世界的不加掩飾的忠實表達,愛德華·蒙克的畫是用整個心靈來創作的。

主要作品

作品名年份
Øvre Foss
1880
Small Lake with Boat
1880
Horse and Wagon in front of Farm Buildings
1880
Autumn Work in the Field
1880
Landscape with Woman Walking by a Lake
1880
Landscape with Trees and Water
1880
Autumn in the Forest
1880
Horse and Cart on a Country Road
1880
Still Life with Pipe and Bibles
1880
View from Fossveien
1880-81
View from Fossveien
1881
Winter Landscape with House and Red Sky
1881
Potted Plant on the Window-Sill
1881-82
Potted Plant
1881-82
The Living-Room of the Misses Munch in Pilestredet 61
1881
From Vestre Aker
1881
Hakloa in Maridalen
1881
Maridalsveien in Nydalen
1881
Houses in Maridalen
1881
From Maridalen
1881
Akerselva
1881
Landscape with Woman and Child
1881
Landscape with a Small House and Two People
1881
Landscape with Lake and Forest
1881
From Bunnefjorden
1881
From Sandvika
1881
Man Rowing towards Land
1881
Bay with Boat and House
1881
Man and Woman in Boat
1881
Fisherman by the Water
1881
Christian Munch on the Couch
1881
Christian Munch on the Couch
1881
Study of a Landscape
1881
View of Grüner's Garden
1881
Gamle Aker Church
1881-82
Gamle Aker Church
1881
Gamle Aker Church
1881
Gamle Aker Church
1881
View from Fossveien 7 towards Bergfjerdingen
1881
People on the Road in Wet Snow
1881
Goblin with Christmas Porridge
1881
Still Life with Jar, Apple, Walnut and Coconut
1881
Øvre Foss in Winter
1881-82
Boy in Snow
1881-82
View of the City on a Winter's Day
1882
Self-Portrait
1882
Laura Munch
1882
Laura Munch
1882
Olaf Rye's Square towards South East
1882
View across Olaf Rye's Square
1882
Olaf Rye's Square towards South East
1882
Landscape with Waterfall and House
1882
Evening Atmosphere at Sea
1882
Landscape with a Small Waterfall
1882
Spring Landscape
1882
Stream in Spring
1882
Karen Bjølstad
1882-83
Man's Head with Beard
1882-83
The Errand Boy
1882-84
Garden with Red House
1882
Garden with Red House
1882
By the Garden Table
1882
Akerselva by Slåmotgangen
1882
Inger by the Window
1882
Akerselva by Nedre Foss
1882
Akerselva
1882
Birch Trees with Woman Walking
1882
Birch Trees in the Autumn
1882
From Vestre Aker
1882
Birch Trees and Man Carrying Twigs
1882
Autumn in Vestre Aker
1882
Woman on a Country Lane
1882
Two Boys on a Country Lane
1882
Thorvald Torgersen
1882
Thorvald Torgersen
1882
Head of a Boy
1882
Andreas Reading
1882
Andreas Reading
1882
Andreas Reading
1882
Self-Portrait
1882
Drive at Vaterland
1882
From Saxegårdsgate
1882
Laura Munch
1883
Otto Linthoe
1883
Study of a Man's Head
1883
Study of an Old Man's Head
1883
Head of an Old Man with Beard
1883
Study of an Old Man's Head
1883
Afternoon at Olaf Rye's Square
1883
Street Corner on Karl Johan, Grand Café
1883
Christian Munch on the Couch
1883
Landscape from Asker
1883
Autumn in Asker
1883
Andreas by the Window
1883
Andreas Reading
1883
The Dome of Trinity Church
1883
Study of a Head
1883
Early in the Morning
1883
Andreas Singdahlsen
1883
Hjalmar Borgstrøm
1883
Portrait of a Woman
1883
Karen Bjølstad in the Rocking Chair
1883
Around the Paraffin Lamp
1883
At the Coffee Table
1883
At Supper
1883
The Infirmary at Helgelandsmoen
1884
Fence in the Forest
1884
Two People on the Way to the Forest
1884
Morning
1884
Christian Munch
1884
Portrait Studies
1884
Inger Munch in Black
1884
Street in Winter
1885
Ball
1885
Tête-à-tête
1885
Karl Johan
1885
Girl's Head
1885
Dagny Konow
1885
Study of an Old Man's Head
1885
Fredrik Lidemark
1885
Karl Jensen-Hjell
1885
Klemens Stang
1885
Christian Munch with Pipe
1885
Karen Bjølstad
1885
Jørgen Sørensen
1885
Andreas Munch
1885
Cabaret
1885
The Sickroom
1885
The Sick Child
1885
Red-Haired Girl with White Rat
1886
Girl at the Piano
1886
Self-Portrait
1886
Andreas Munch Studying Anatomy
1886
Afternoon Nap
1886
Boat with Three Boys
1886
Man on the Veranda
1886
From Hisøya near Arendal
1886
Woman and Children in Arendal
1886
Thorvald Torgersen
1886
Puberty
1886
The Day After
1886
Seated Young Girl
1887
Betzy Nilsen
1887
Halvard Stub Holmboe
1887
Jacob Torkildsen
1887
Forest Landscape with Small Lake
1887
Veierland near Tønsberg
1887
Two Men by the Window
1887
Law
1887
Kristiania Bohemians
1887
Self-Portrait
1888
Marius Selmer
1888
Bendix Lange
1888
Beach
1888
The Tønsberg Fjord
1888
On the Pier
1888
Man Binding Fishnet
1888
Karen Bjølstad
1888
Evening
1888
Summer Day on the Pier
1888
Laura and Inger in the Summer Sun
1888
Evening
1888
Inger in Sunshine
1888
At the General Store in Vrengen
1888
Andreas Bjølstad
1888
Aasta Carlsen
1888
Man Standing in the Doorway
1889
Karl Dørnberger
1889
Charlotte Dørnberger
1889
Georg Stang
1889
John Hazeland on his Deathbed
1889
Spring
1889
Hans Jæger
1889
From Karl Johan
1889
Music on Karl Johan
1889
Beach Landscape fromÅsgårdstrand
1889
Beach
1889
From Åsgårdstrand
1889
Beach Landscape
1889
Shore
1889
Summer Night. Inger on the Beach
1889
Summer Evening
1889
Summer
1889
Summer in Åsgårdstrand
1889
Morten Damme's House near Åsgardstrand
1889
Standing Female Nude
1889
A French Tavern (Two Men and a Woman)
1890
The Canal near Paris (with a Small Streamboat)
1890
A Woman (in Half-figure) with Landscape (Returned from Victoria terrasse)
1890
A Small Beach Study
1890
Night in Saint-Cloud
1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud
1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud
1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud
1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud
1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud
1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud
1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud
1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud
1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud
1890
At the Wine Merchant's
1890
In the Bar
1890
In the Café
1890
Norwegian Spring Landscape
1890
Landscape
1890
The Streamboat Arrives
1890
Beach
1890
Spring Day on Karl Johan
1890
Sunny Day in Åsgårdstrand
1890
Garden Path
1890
Woman in Evening Landscape
1890
Landscape
1890
View from Hauketo
1890
View from Hauketo
1890
Landscape
1890
The Absinth Drinkers
1890
Two Children
1890
Under the Palm Trees in Nice
1891
Afternoon on the Promenade des Anglais
1891
Morning on the Promenade des Anglais
1891
Sunny Day in Nice
1891
Rooftops in Nice
1891
Night in Nice
1891
Fisherboy from Nice
1891
Boy's Head
1891
Young Woman in Blue
1891
Young Woman in Blue
1891
Model Scratching her Arm
1891
Rue Lafayette
1891
Rue de Rivoli
1891
Sunday in Åsgardstrand
1891
Young Blond Girl
1891
Summer Evening in Åsgardstrand
1891
In Open Air
1891
Summer
1891
Eroticism on a Summer Evening
1891
Karl Johan in the Rain
1891
Evening. Melancholy
1891
Woman in Blue against Blue Water
1891
Old Fisherman
1891
Pine Forest
1891
Summer Day in the Forest
1891
Forest Landscape
1891
From Nordstrand
1891
Landscape in Moonlight
1891
Woman by the Balustrade
1891
Inger in a White Blouse
1891
no:Jappe Nilssen
1891
Arve Arvesen
1891
Gunnar Heiberg
1891
Helge Rode
1891
Olga Buhre
1891
Alexandra Thaulow
1891
Kiss by the Window
1891
The Day After
1891
Munch Museum, Oslo, Norway
1892
Childhood Memory
1892
Gamblers in Monte Carlo
1892
Gamblers in Monte Carlo
1892
At the Roulette Table in Monte Carlo
1892
Sick Mood at Sunset. Despair
1892
Cypress in Moonlight
1892
Kiss by the Window
1892
1892
The Girl by the Window
1892
Woman Combing her Hair
1892
Woman Looking in the Mirror
1892
After the Bath
1892
From the Riviera
1892
From the Riviera
1892
Moonlight by the Mediterranean
1892
A Pine
1892
Trees by the Mediterranean
1892
From the Riviera
1892
Men Flocking round Women in Light Clothing
1892
Forest
1892
Moonlight on the Beach
1892
Mystery on the Shore
1892
Mystery on the Shore
1892
Two Human Beings. The Lonely Ones
1892
1892
Night in Saint-Cloud
1892
Night in Saint-Cloud
1892-93
Night in Saint-Cloud
1892
1892
The Water Lillies
1892-93
Evening on Karl Johan
1892
From Nordstrand
1892
On the Veranda
1892
Inger by the Window
1892
Inger in Black and Violet
1892
Seated Young Woman
1892
Autumn Rain
1892
Jakob Bratland
1892
Ludvig Meyer
1892
Thor Lütken
1892
Ragnhild andDagny Juel
1892-93
August Strindberg
1892
Night in Saint-Cloud
1893
The Girl by the Window
1893
Study of a Model
1893
Separation
1893
Woman with Red Hat
1893-94
Symbolic Study
1893-94
Portrait of a Man
1893-94
Woman's head against a red Background
1893-94
Self-Portrait under the Mask of a Woman
1893
Seated Nude and Grotesque Masque
1893
Sunrise in the Harbour
1893-94
Rosa and Amelie
1893
Sunrise in Åsgårdstrand
1893-94
Summer Night
1893
1893
Death at the Helm
1893
Summer Night. Mermaid
1893
Summer Night's Dream. The Voice
1893
1893
1893
1893
House in Moonlight
1893-95
The Storm
1893
Death and Spring
1893
The Angel of Death
1893
By the Deathbed. Fever
1893
Death in the Sickroom
1893
Death in the Sickroom
1893
Death in the Sickroom
1893
Vampire
1893
1893
1893
Vampire
1893
Vampire
1893
The Hands
1893-94
Dagny Juel Przybyszewska
1893
Helge Bäckström
1893
Minchen Torkildsen
1893
Ragnhild Bäkström
1894
Botho Graf Schwerin
1894
Ebehard von Bodenhausen
1894
Julius Meier-Graefe
1894
Separation
1894
Death and Life
1894
Puberty
1894
Puberty
1894-95
The Day After
1894
Vampire
1894
Selma Fontheim
1894
Selma Fontheim
1894
Nora Mengelberg
1894
Ludvig Meyer's Children
1894
Stanislaw Przybyszewski
1894
Inger in a Red Dress
1894
Bathing Women
1894
Bathers
1894
Bathing Boys
1894
1894
1894-96
Woman. Sphinx
1894
1894
Anxiety
1894
1894
1894
1894-95
1895
1895-97
1895-97
Berlin Model
1895
Cabaret
1895
1895
Vampire
1895
The Smell of Death
1895
The Smell of Death
1895
At the Deathbed
1895
Vampire
1895
Ashes
1895
1895
Beach in Åsgårdstrand
1895
Moonlight
1895
Self-Portrait with Cigarette
1895
Stanislaw Przybyszewski
1895
Oscar and Ingeborg Heiberg
1895-96
Half-Nude in a Black Skirt
1896
Study of a Nude
1896
Young Woman Washing herself
1896
Seated Nude against a Red Background
1896
Seated Nude with her Back Turned
1896
The Mermaid
1896
Summer Landscape
1896
The Sick Child
1896
Separation
1896
Summer Night. The Voice
1896
The Girl by the Window
1896-97
Bathing Woman
1896-97
The Kiss
1896-97
Women in a Swimming Pool
1896-97
Paul Herrmann and Paul Contard
1897
The Kiss
1897
1897
Inheritance
1897-99
Women in Hospital
1897
Mother and Daughter
1897-99
Two Women in a Landscape
1897-99
Old Man with a Beard
1897-99
Brothel Scene
1897-99
Hospital Ward
1897-99
Bathing Boys
1897-98
Bathing Boys
1897-99
Bathing Girls
1897-99
Bathing Children
1897-99
Bathing Boys
1897-99
Autumn
1897-98
Marie Helene Holmboe
1898
Female Portrait
1898-99
Dark-Haired Man and Red-Haired Woman
1898-99
1898
Henrik Ibsenat theGrand Café
1898
Study of a Model
1898
Half-Nude in a Blue Skirt
1898
Nude
1898
Nude
1898
Two Women. Symbolic Study
1898
Sitting Nude by the Beach
1898
Man and Woman
1898
Nude in Profile towards the Right
1898
Metabolism
1898-99
Tulla Larsen
1898-99
Tulla Larsen
1898-99
Father and Son
1898
Seated Nude and Three Male Heads
1898-99
Tragedy
1898
Jealousy in the Bath
1898
Beach
1898
The Rainbow
1898
Woman by the Sea in Åsgardstrand
1898
House with Red Virginia Creeper
1898-99
House with Red Virginia Creeper
1898-99
Red Virginia Creeper
1898-1900
The Son
1904
The Coffin is Carried Out
1898-1900
Boulevard in Paris
1898-1900
Winter
1899-1900
Winter in the Woods, Nordstrand
1899
Death and the Child
1899
Death and the Child
1899
Landscape
1899
The Garden
1899
Munch's House and Studio in Åsgardstrand
1899
Munch's House in Åsgårdstrand
1899
Dark Spruce Forest
1899

風格特點

愛德華·蒙克多以生命、死亡、戀愛、恐怖和寂寞等為題材,用對比強烈的線條、色塊、簡潔概括誇張的造型,抒發自己的感受和情緒;他的畫風是德國和中歐的表現主義形成的前奏。
愛德華·蒙克的早期油畫《病孩》、《在靈床旁》、《母親之死》,多是童年和少年時代生活的回憶。1890年的油畫《聖克盧之夜》和1892年的油畫《卡爾.約翰街的夜晚》標誌著他風格的轉折,顯示出他表現主義畫家的特質。90年代最有代表性的作品是《春情》和《吶喊》,前者描繪人對幽閉的恐懼,後者刻畫人對孤獨與死亡的恐怖感。他於1894年開始從事版畫創作,在木刻、石版、銅版畫方面,都有獨特的創造。他的版畫題材多取自於油畫,其中以《生命》組畫最為出色,被他自己稱為生命、愛和死的詩歌。
在愛德華·蒙克的畫家生涯中,他多次曾改變藝術風格。在1880年代,愛德華·蒙克是自然派和半印象派。1892年,愛德華·蒙克樹立了具個人特色的綜合派原始畫風,在此色彩成為一種象徵,亦是種具有承載功能的元素。1890年代,愛德華·蒙克傾向選擇景深較淺的作畫空間,他經常把畫中的人物安置在前台。
愛德華·蒙克一直想表現人物的內心的心理狀態,出現在他畫中的人物呈現了最能表現這種狀態的姿勢,這種安排讓愛德華·蒙克的畫帶來一種好像人物、空氣、記憶、動作和時間在一霎剎那間凝固的感覺,那也許正是人物內心活動達到頂峰的一瞬間。
愛德華·蒙克所畫的人物,猶如舞台劇的各個角色,很可能每種特定的姿勢就代表一種特定情緒,類似於某種身體語言。由於愛德華·蒙克所畫的人物都承擔著表現一種特定心理狀態的使命,所以他創造的男人和女人不是現實的。愛德華·蒙克堅稱,印象派並不適合於自己的藝術。他對描寫現實的任意一個斷面也不感興趣,他要描寫的是那種充滿了情緒內涵的,且具有巨大的傳神力的狀態。為了達到這個目的,愛德華·蒙克殫精竭慮地構思,他的作品創造了緊張氣氛。

人物評價

愛德華·蒙克的作品筆觸大膽奔放、色彩艷麗豐富,但卻給人強烈的刺激感,充滿著緊張不安、壓抑悲傷的情緒。愛德華·蒙克所描繪的世界是人類複雜的精神世界,他刻意表現死亡、憂鬱和孤獨,描寫上世紀末的藝術家在充滿矛盾與痛苦的現實中,其孤獨的心靈對人生產生的懷疑和焦慮。
藝術史家稱愛德華·蒙克為“世紀末”的藝術家,因為他的作品反映了歐洲整整一代人的精神生活面貌。在愛德華·蒙克生活的時代,再沒有別的藝術能夠像他那樣深入到人的靈魂之中,把那心靈的美與醜一併展現給世人。也沒有人敢於像他那樣赤裸裸地描寫人類本能的醜惡,使善良與罪惡並存,讓美麗與醜陋共生。

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