A programmable dual RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity
CRISPR/Cas systems provide bacteriaand archaea with adaptiveimmunityagainst viruses and plasmids by using crRNAs to guide the silencing of invading nucleic acids. We show here that ina subset of these systems, the mature crRNA base-paired to trans-activating tracrRNA forms a two-RNA structure that directs the CRISPR-associated protein Cas9 to introduce double-stranded (ds) breaks in target DNA. At sites complementary to the crRNA-guide sequence, the Cas9 HNH nuclease domain cleaves the complementary strand while the Cas9 RuvC-like domain cleaves the noncomplementary strand. The dual-tracrRNA:crRNA, when engineered as a single RNA chimera, also directs sequence-specific Cas9 dsDNA cleavage. Our study reveals a family of endonucleases that use dual RNAs for site-specific DNA cleavage and highlights the potential to exploit the system for RNA-programmable genome editing.