基本介紹
- 中文名：亞暴注入
- 外文名：Substorm injections
- 時間：1960年
- 人物：Arnoldy Chan
相關現象,作為最可靠的指標,注入的粒子,無色散的注入,注入區域,經度範圍,散射,磁場,精細結構,參考目錄,
相關現象
作為最可靠的指標
此現象普遍作為亞暴開始時刻的標誌，幾乎每個亞暴都可以觀察到此現象的發生。
注入的粒子
包括能量從數十到數百KeV的電子和質子等離子，尚未觀測到有更低能量粒子的注入現象。（cutoff; e.g. Birn et al., 1997a）
無色散的注入
如果所有能量的粒子同時增強，則把此注入稱為無色散的注入（dispersionless injection，暫譯），而這樣的區域就稱為注入區域（injection region，暫譯），同時把此區域的內邊界稱為 “注入邊界”（injection boundary，暫譯） (McIlwain, 1974; Mauk and McIlwain, 1974; Reeves et al., 1991)
注入區域
一般來說，注入區域從距離地心4.3個Re（地球半徑）到15個Re(Friedel et al., 1996).。
經度範圍
此現象易發生於午夜前，局限於一個有限的經度範圍內，與亞暴電流楔（Substorm current wedge ）所處區域相近。(see, e.g., the statistical results by Vagina et al., 1996). 一些觀測顯示，電子和質子的注入區域存在沿經度方向的分離，以整個區域的中心經度為準，質子偏西，電子偏東。（Birn et al., 1997a).
散射
在注入區域外，由於不同能量的粒子在磁場中有不同的漂移速度，因此會出現不同能量粒子的散射。除能量散射外，還觀測到了投擲角散射。(Walker et al., 1978; Greenspan et al., 1985). 注意通過對粒子在磁場中漂移的反演，由能量散射導致的通量增加，可估計最初注入位置的經度和發生時間。(e.g., Reeves et al., 1991; Shukhtina and Sergeev, 1991)
磁場
此現象常與本地磁場偶極化相關，尤其是無散射的注入。磁場的變化伴隨著強烈的感應電場。（e.g., Aggson et al.,1983）
精細結構
與其他的亞暴現象一樣，此現象顯示了亞暴當時的精細結構。(e.g., Belian et al., 1984)
參考目錄
· Aggson, T. L., J. P. Heppner, and N. C. Maynard, Observations of large magnetospheric electric fields during the onset phase of a substorm, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 3981-3990, 1983.
· Arnoldy, R. L., and K. W. Chan, Particle substorms observed at the geostationary orbit, J. Geophys. Res., 74, 5019-5028, 1969.
· Baker, D. N., et al., Observations and modelling of energetic particles at synchronous orbit on July 29, 1977, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 5917-5932, 1982.
· Belian, R. D., D. N. Baker, P. R. Higbie, and E. W. Jones Jr., High resolution energetic particle measurements at 6.6 Re, 2, High-energy proton drift echoes, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 4857-4862, 1978.
· Belian, R. D., D. N. Baker, E. W. Hones, and P. R. Higbie, High-energy proton drift echoes: Multiple peak structure, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 9101, 1984.
· Birn, J., and M. Hesse, Particle acceleration in the dynamic magnetotail: Orbits in self-consistent three-dimensional MHD fields, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 109, 1994.
· Birn, J., F. Thomsen, J. E. Borovsky, G. D. Reeves, D. J. McComas, and R. D. Belian, Characteristic plasma properties during dispersionless substorm injections at geosynchronous orbit, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 2309-2324, 1997a.
· Birn, J., F. Thomsen, J. E. Borovsky, G. D. Reeves, D. J. McComas, and R. D. Belian, Substorm ion injections: Geosynchronous observations and test particle orbits in three-dimensional dynamic MHD fields, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 2325-2341, 1997b.
· Delcourt, D. C., J.-A. Sauvaud, and A. Pedersen., Dynamics of single-particle orbits during substorm expansion phase, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 20,853-20,865, 1990.
· Friedel, R. H. W., A. Korth, and G. Kremser, Substorm onset observed by CRRES: Determination of energetic particle source region, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 13137-13154, 1996.
· Greenspan, M. E., D. J. Williams, B. H. Mauk, and C.-I. Meng, Ion and electron energy dispersion features detected by ISEE 1, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 4079-4089, 1985.
· Lezniak, T. W., and J. R. Winckler, Experimental study of magnetospheric motion and the acceleration of energetic electrons during substorms, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 7075-, 1970.
· Lopez, R. E., D. G. Sibeck, R. W. McEntire, and S. M. Krimigis, The energetic ion substorm injection boundary, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 109-117, 1990.
· Mauk, B. H., Quantitative modeling of the ``convection surge'' mechanism of ion acceleration, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 13,423, 1986.
· Mauk, B. H., and C. E. McIlwain, Correlation of Kp with the substorm-injected plasma boundary, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 3193-, 1974.
· McIlwain, C. E., Substorm injection boundaries, in Magnetospheric Physics, edited by B. M. McCormac, p. 143, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1974.
· Morioka, A., and H. Oya, Plasmapause disturbances synchronized with magnetospheric disturbances, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 48, 309-318, 1996.
· Quinn, J. M., and D. J. Southwood, Observation of parallel ion energization in the equatorial region, . Geophys. Res., 87, 10536-, 1982.
· Reeves, G. D., R. D. Belian, and T. Fritz, Numerical tracing of energetic particle drifts, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 13,997-14,008, 1991.
· Reeves, G. D., M. G. Henderson, P. S. McLachlan, R. D. Belian, R. H. W. Friedel, and A. Korth, Radial propagation of substorm injections, in Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Substorms, Versailles, France, 12-17 May 1996, Eur. Space Agency Spec. Publ., ESA SP-389, 579-584, 1996.
· Sauvaud, J.-A., and J. R. Winckler, Dynamics of plasma, energetic particles, and fields near synchronous orbit in the nighttime sector during magnetospheric substorms, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 2043-2056, 1980.
· Sergeev, V. A., M. A. Shukhtina, R. Rasinkangas, A. Korth, G. D. Reeves, H. J. Singer, M. F. Thomsen, and L. I. Vagina, Event study of deep energetic particle injections during substorm, accepted to J. Geophys. Res., 1998.
· Shukhtina, M. A., and V. A. Sergeev, Modelling of energetic particle drifts in a real magnetosphere in the vicinity of geosynchronous orbit, Geomagn. Aeron., 31, 775-780, 1991.
· Vagina, L. I., V. A. Sergeev, D. N. Baker and H. J. Singer, Use of mid-latitude magnetic data for modelling and diagnostics of magnetospheric substorms, Adv. Space Res., 18, 8229-8232, 1996.
· Walker, R. J., K. N. Erickson, R. L. Swanson, and J. R. Winckler, Substorm-associated particle boundary motion at synchronous orbit, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 5541-5550, 1976.
· Walker, R. J., K. N. Erickson, and J. R. Winckler, Pitch angle dispersion of drifting energetic protons at synchronous orbit, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 1595-1600, 1978.
· Winckler, J. R., The origin and distribution of energetic electrons in the Van Allen radiation belts, in Particles and Fields in the Magnetosphere, edited by B. M. McCormac, p. 332, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1970.
