punitive

punitive

punitive是源自拉丁語的英語形容詞,在法律或專業語境中表示施加懲罰的意圖,例如用於描述懲罰性措施(punitive action)或懲罰性損害賠償(punitive damages)。該詞在經濟領域可指代高額進口稅等難以支付的費用,具有嚴厲性和強制性特徵。作為高頻辭彙,其派生名詞punitiveness和副詞形式punitively擴展了套用語境,與近義詞penal、correctional構成語義關聯網路。

基本介紹

  • 詞性:形容詞   
  • 發音:/ˈpjuːnətɪv/(英式、美式)  
  • 近義詞:penal, correctional 
  • 反義詞:rehabilitative 
  • 詞源:拉丁語punire(懲罰) 
  • 使用頻率:★★★★☆ 
詞性與發音,語義分析,相關辭彙體系,實用語境示例,雙語例句,

詞性與發音

作為形容詞,punitive的英式與美式發音均為/ˈpjuːnətɪv/,詞源追溯至拉丁語"punire"(意為懲罰、糾正)。該詞態變化涵蓋副詞形式punitively和名詞形式punitiveness。

語義分析

punitive的核心含義聚焦於“施加懲罰”,在法律語境中常描述制裁措施(如聯合國實施的punitive sanctions)或損害賠償(如punitive damages)。經濟領域多用於表述高額稅費(如punitive import duties),強調財務負擔的苛刻性。

相關辭彙體系

  • 近義詞:correctional(矯正的)、penal(刑法的)、penitentiary(感化的)
  • 反義詞:rehabilitative(康復的)
  • 聯想詞:draconian(嚴峻的)、coercive(強制性的)

實用語境示例

在法律判決中,法院可能裁定被告支付punitive damages以懲戒惡意行為(截止2024年)。國際貿易協定中,國家間常協商調整punitive tariffs以避免經濟爭端(截止2023年)。軍事策略上,punitive airstrikes被視作威懾手段(截止2016年)。

雙語例句

  • The law is compensatory ratherthan punitive. 法律是補償性的而非懲罰性的。
  • New York's federal bail-out was punitive, however. 但是紐約的聯邦救助是有代價的。
  • Prior bonuses are also at risk from punitive tax proposals. 優先分紅也在受到嚴格納稅建議的風險中。
  • He opposes the court's effort to place caps on punitive damages. 他反對法院的對懲罰性的損失賠償制定限制的做法。
  • No other rich country is nearly as punitive as the Land of the Free. 其他的已開發國家幾乎沒有像這片自由的土地這么有懲罰力的。
  • Unfortunately, the penalty of a challenge was more symbolic than punitive. 很不幸地,挑戰的處罰更多是象徵性而不是懲罰性。
  • The US could impose punitive tariffs of up to 100% on some countries' exports. 美國可能會對某些國家的出口商品徵收高達100%的懲罰性關稅。
  • The US could impose punitive tariffs of up to 100% on some countries' exports. 美國可能會對某些國家的出口商品徵收高達100%的懲罰性關稅。
  • "I want them to be more punitive, effective and organised," he told the Times. “我希望他們有組織地接受有意義的懲罰,”他對《泰晤士報》記者如是說。
  • "Punitive sanctions alone" would not solve the problem, the manifesto declared. 宣言中表明,“單一的刑罰制裁”不能解決問題。
  • "Punitive actions are a good way of deterring people," said HSBC's Mr Mahendran. “採取懲罰措施是防止泄密的好辦法,”滙豐銀行的馬恆德蘭說到。
  • "Punitive actions are a good way of deterring people " said HSBC's Mr Mahendran. “採取懲罰措施是防止泄密的好辦法,”滙豐銀行的馬恆德蘭說到。
  • They argue that it encourages racial profiling, is too punitive and harms families. 他們認為這種懲罰十分嚴厲,傷害家庭成員,並會助長對種族資料的收集。
  • But in his brief comments at the White House, he made no mention of any punitive action. 但他在白宮發表的簡短評論中,沒有提到任何懲罰措施。
  • Although huge punitive damages tend to be reduced on appeal, they often remain much too large. 儘管在抗訴階段懲罰性賠償金可能會被削減,但是它們的數額仍然很大。
  • A worry is that politicians' zeal to outdo each other's punitive line on bankers will go too far. 有一種擔憂認為,政客們熱衷於在施加對銀行家的懲罰上勝過彼此的舉動可能會過頭。
  • In fact, reducing emissions does not mean cutting lifestyles. It does not mean punitive strategies. 但事實上,減排既不意味著使現有的生活方式打折,也不是一項懲罰性措施。
  • New Jersey used to be where New Yorkers fled to escape the city's punitive taxes and high crime. 新澤西曾經是紐約人為了逃離城市的嚴厲的稅收和高犯罪率而來的地方。
  • A punitive interest charge for firms receiving such help would root out all but the truly distressed. 向這些尋找幫助的公司索要懲罰性的利息可以幫助從根本上杜絕欺詐的存在。
  • Banks are loth to lend to each other, except at record punitive rates and for the shortest of periods. 銀行間極其不願意互相拆借,除非對方能夠承受一個破紀錄的懲罰性的利率以及最短的期限。
  • Best idea: create medical courts run by experts to rule on malpractice claims, with no punitive damages. 最好的辦法:建立由專家組成的醫療法庭來裁決醫療事故案,不進行懲罰性賠償。
  • That reduction should provide grounds for BP to hope that punitive damages will be relatively modest. 這種削減讓BP有理由期望此次的懲罰性賠償金將相對適中。
  • But he took a conservative view of frivolous lawsuits against corporations and excessive punitive damages. 但在針對企業的輕率訴訟和過度的懲罰性損害賠償上,他持有保守的觀點。
  • Corporate America has long complained about swingeing punitive damages, unknown in the rest of the rich world. 一直以來美國大公司都對懲罰性賠償憤憤不平,稱這在其他已開發國家中聞未所聞。

熱門詞條

聯絡我們