托馬斯·德·昆西（Thomas De Quincey，1785-1859年），英國著名散文家和批評家，其作華美與瑰奇兼具，激情與疏緩並蓄，是英國浪漫主義文學中的代表性作品。被譽為“少有的英語文體大師”，有生之年大部分時間被病魔糾纏，幾乎無時不同躊躇、憂鬱和吸毒的懼作鬥爭。他的代表作《一個吸食鴉片者的自白》來自作者吸食鴉片後所產生的狂熱夢境。德·昆西寫了很多散文作品，題材涉及文學、哲學、神學、政治學等領域。作品受到戴維·赫伯特·勞倫斯及維吉尼亞·伍爾芙等諸多後世文壇大家的讚譽。
托馬斯·德·昆西（Thomas De Quincey，1785-1859年），英國散文家。他的散文作品熱情洋溢，經常達到語氣莊重，韻律優美如詩的效果，與彌爾頓等偉大詩人的作品相似。出生在曼徹斯特一個富裕的商人家庭。其父是一位富商和才華出眾的作家，在他七歲時去世，德·昆西由他天賦極高卻十分嚴厲的母親撫養成人。中學時代擅長希臘文和拉丁文。十六歲時逃離就讀的文法學校，漫遊威爾斯；十七歲時在倫敦流浪了一個嚴冬。早年風餐露宿的經歷令他成為一個生活陰暗面的深刻洞察者，也使他罹患終生未愈的胃病和牙痛。大約一年後，家人找到他，將他送到牛津大學。在那裡，為了緩解神經痛，他開始吸食鴉片。成為終生的癮君子。在牛津大學著重學習英國文學和德國語言、文學，對英國新興的浪漫主義文學非常嚮往，對威廉·華茲華斯和柯勒律治合寫的《抒情歌謠集》(1798)的革新精神和內容十分欣賞。1807年成為這兩位詩人的親密朋友。1809年，他搬到湖泊區的格拉斯米爾，和沃茲沃斯、柯勒律治、騷塞等呆在一起，在自己的回憶錄中講述了他們的很多故事。托馬斯·德·昆西
Thomas de Quincey (August 15, 1785 – December 8, 1859) was an English author and intellectual.
He was born in Manchester. His father was a successful businessman with an interest in literature; he died when Thomas was quite young. Soon after Thomas's birth the family moved to The Farm, and later to Greenhay, a larger country house near Manchester. In 1796 De Quincey's mother, now a widow, moved to Bath and enrolled him at King Edward's School, Bath.
Thomas was a weak and sickly child. His youth was spent in solitude, and when his elder brother, William, came home, he wreaked havoc in the quiet surroundings. De Quincey's mother was a woman of strong character and intelligence, but seems to have inspired more awe than affection in her children. She brought them up very strictly, taking Thomas out of school after three years because she was afraid he would become big-headed, and sending him to an inferior school at Winkfield in Wiltshire.
In 1800, De Quincey, aged fifteen, was ready for the University of Oxford; his scholarship was far in advance of his years. "That boy," his master at Bath School had said, "that boy could harangue an Athenian mob better than you or I could address an English one." He was sent to Manchester Grammar School, in order that after three years' stay he might obtain a scholarship to Brasenose College, Oxford, but he took flight after nineteen months.
His first plan had been to reach William Wordsworth, whose Lyrical Ballads (1798) had consoled him in fits of depression and had awakened in him a deep reverence for the poet. But for that De Quincey was too timid, so he made his way to Chester, where his mother dwelt, in the hope of seeing a sister; he was caught by the older members of the family, but, through the efforts of his uncle, Colonel Penson, received the promise of a guinea a week to carry out his later project of a solitary tramp through Wales. From July to November, 1802, De Quincey lived as a wayfarer. He soon lost his guinea by ceasing to keep his family informed of his whereabouts, and had difficulty making ends meet. Still apparently fearing pursuit, he borrowed some money and travelled to London, where he tried to borrow more. Having failed, he lived close to starvation rather than return to his family.
Discovered by chance by his friends, De Quincey was brought home and finally allowed (1803) to go to Worcester College, Oxford, on a reduced income. Here, we are told, "he came to be looked upon as a strange being who associated with no one." During this time he began to take opium. He left, apparently about 1807, without a degree. In the same year he made the acquaintance of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth, having already sought out Charles Lamb in London. His acquaintance with Wordsworth led to his settling in 1809 at Grasmere, in the beautiful English Lake District; his home for ten years was Dove Cottage, which Wordsworth had occupied and which is now a popular tourist attraction. De Quincey was married in 1816, and soon after, having no money left, he took up literary work in earnest.
In 1821 he went to London to dispose of some translations from German authors, but was persuaded first to write and publish an account of his opium experiences, which that year appeared in the London Magazine. This new sensation eclipsed Lamb's Essays of Elia, which were then appearing in the same periodical. The Confessions of an English Opium-Eater were soon published in book form. De Quincey then made literary acquaintances. Tom Hood found the shrinking author "at home in a German ocean of literature, in a storm, flooding all the floor, the tables, and the chairs—billows of books." Richard Woodhouse speaks of the "depth and reality of his knowledge. ... His conversation appeared like the elaboration of a mine of results. ... Taylor led him into political economy, and the study of classics."
From this time on De Quincey maintained himself by contributing to various magazines. He soon exchanged London and the Lakes for Edinburgh and its suburb, Lasswade, where he spent the remainder of his life. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine and its rival Tait's Magazine received a large number of contributions. The English Mail-Coach appeared in 1849 in Blackwood. Joan of Arc had already been published (1847) in Tait. De Quincey throughout his life drank laudanum—after 1821, twice in great excess. During his last years he nearly completed a collected edition of his works.
Influence
His immediate influence extended to Edgar Allan Poe, Fitz Hugh Ludlow and Charles Baudelaire, but even major 20th century writers such as Jorge Luis Borges admired and claimed to be partly influenced by his work. Berlioz also loosely based his Symphonie Fantastique on Confessions of an English Opium Eater, drawing on the theme of the internal struggle with one's self.
Bibliography
Selected works:
Confessions of an English Opium Eater, 1822
On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth, 1823
Walladmor, 1825
Murder Considered as One of the Fine Arts, 1827
Klosterheim, or The Masque, 1832
Lake Reminscences, 1834-40
The Logic of the Political Economy, 1844
Suspiria de Profundis, 1845
The English Mail Coach, 1849
Autobiographical Sketches, 1853
Selections Grave and Gay, from the Writings, Published and Unpublished, by Thomas De Quincey, 1853-1860 (14 vols.)
Collected Writings, 1889
Uncollected Writings, 1890
The Posthumous Works, 1891-93
Memorials, 1891
Literary Criticism, 1909
The Diary, 1928
Selected Writings, 1937
Recollections of the Lake Poets, 1948 (written 1830-40)
托馬斯·德·昆西